SitNITARY STATISTICS
NATIVE COLONIAL SCHOOLS AND
HOSPITALS.
d^.
lOKKNCE MGHTINdALE.
LONDON.
M.D.CCC.LXIII.
THE
ROY E. CHRISTENSEN
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SANITARY STATISTICS
NATIVE COLONIAL SCHOOLS AND
HOSPITALS.
FLOEEKCE NIGHTINGALE.
LONDON.
M.D.CCC.I.XIK.
SANITARY STATISTICS OF NATIVE COLONIAL
SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS.
If it is said on reading this paper, There is nothing in it,
I answer, That is why 1 wrote it, because there is nothing
in it, in order that something might come out of nothing.
It is to show that statistics, capable of aflbrding complete
practical results when wanted, have scarcely made a
beginning in the colonies. It is to show that when the
Colonial Office, with great labour and no little cost, has
collected, and I, with the same, have reduced these ma-
terials, they are incapable of giving all the beneficial
information expected. The material does not exist, or, if
it does, it is in a very undeceloped state. Such as it is, 1
have tried to do the best I could with it. And this is the
result.
Several years ago, before Sir George Grey returned to
his government at the Cape, I had a conversation with
him on a subject which had dwelt very much on his mind,
viz., the gradual disappearance of the aboriginal races
from the neighbourhood of civilized communities. One
of the points raised in the discussion was the probable
effect which European school usages and school education
might exercise on the health of the children of parents
and of races who had never hitherto been brought under
education.
It appeared of great importance to ascertain, if possible, Colonial
the precise influence which school training exercised on school re-
the health of native children. And 1 applied to the *^^™^-
Colonial Office for aid in carrying out such an inquiry.
The Duke of Newcastle entered warmly into the subject,
and ofiered at once to call for any mformation which
might throw light on it. I had a simple school form
prepared and printed, copies of which were sent by the
Colonial Office to the Governors of the various colonies.
Returns were made from a large number of schools, bat
as no information has been received from many more, I
presume the school statistics did not afford the means of
supplying the required information.
A 2
I have received, through the Colonial Office, filled up
returns from 143 schools, in Ceylon, Australia, Natal, West
Coast of Africa, British North America, the results of
which are given in the accompanying series of tables,
pp. 20 to 26. Table A. gives the name and date of opening of each
school, the numbers of j^ears included in the Return, the
average number of native children, their sexes and ages
for quinquennial periods, together with the mortality for
the period included in the return. The results of this
table for all the colonial schools are given in the reduc-
tion Table A. a., which states the total average attendance
for all the schools in each colony, together with the total
deaths, arranged in quinquennial periods, so far as it could
be done. This table merely gives the general numerical
results ; but as the periods vary considerably it has been
necessary to reduce the data under one common denomi-
nation, to obtain the absolute annual rate of mortality.
This has been done in the Tables B, C, D, E, F, which
show the years of life and the mortality for each sex and
26.
age.
Table A. a. shows that the averaore attendance of all
ages at these schools has been 7,485 boys, and 2,453
girls, making a total of 9)938 as the number of children on
whom the rate of mortality has been obtained. A small
proportion of these children, only 6/2 boys and 422 girls,
were under 5 years of age. There were 3,546 (2,651
boys and 895 girls) between the ages of 5 and 10.
Between the ages of 10 and 15 there were 3,268 children,
viz., 2,288 boys, and 980 girls. At the age of 15 and
upwards there were 1,391 boys, and only 156 girls,
attending school.
The total deaths, for the various periods, on this school
attendance were 451 boys and 132 girls, of all ages, be-
sides 79 boys and 39 girls who are returned as leaving
school annually to die at home. It is important to remark
that, out of a total average school attendance of 9j938,
onlj^ 235 boys and 82 girls are stated to leave school
annually from ill-health.
The relative mortality of boys and girls attending these
pp. 27, 28. schools is shown by Tables B. to F.
The death rate, it will be observed, varies considerably
in different colonies. It is least among the native chil-
dren at Natal, where a little more than five males per
1,000 and three females per 1,000 die annually. The
Ceylon schools give a death rate of 14^ per 1,000 per
annum for boys and about 3 per 1,000 per annum for
girls. But, including- deaths among children who leave
school to die at home, this rate would be nearly doubled.
The Indian schools in Canada afford a total annual
death rate of 124 P'^' 1,000 for both sexes; but the
mortality of girls is nearly double that of boys.
The Sierra Leone schools afford a very high rate of
mortality, viz., 20 per 1,000 for males, and 35 per 1,000
for females.
The Western Australian schools yield the highest
death rate of any, nearly 35 per 1,000 for boys and 13
per 1 ,000 for girls.
These death rates are of course only approximations
to the truth. But on any supposition they are very high.
It is important to compare these death rates with those
of children of the same ages at home. But we have only
the means of doing so for 5 years of age and onwards.
The home rates are given in Table E., which show^s that
from 5 to 10 the total mortality of both sexes is 9' 2 per
1,000 at home. From 10 to 15 it is 5-3 per 1,000. Above
15 the home mortality is 8*4 per 1,000. Making allow-
ance for native children dying at home, we shall be within
the truth in assuming the mortality of native children at
school as double that of English children of the same ages.
The next point of the inquiry is to ascertain the nature Table G,
of the fatal diseases. And here we find a remarkable P- 29-
difference in the returns from different colonies. Thus
out of 190 deaths in the Sierra Leone schools, all except
8 are due to small pox, measles, and hooping cough,
scarlet fever, and other forms of fever.
In the Ceylon schools these same diseases, with the
addition of diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera, give rise to
261 deaths out of a total mortality of 341. In contrast
with this great prevalence of miasmatic diseases, the
West Australian schools yield only 2 deaths from chil-
dren's epidemics, out of a total mortality of 9-
In the Natal schools three children died of miasmatic
diseases out of a total mortality of 16, while in the
Canadian schools there is only one miasmatic death out
of a total mortality of 27.
The adult natives at many of the colonies are con-
sidered specially subject to tubercular diseases, more par-
ticularly consumption. This class of diseases is indeed
supposed to be a main cause of the gradual decline and
disappearance of uncivilized or semi -civilized races.
6
The facts, as regards these colonial schools, are as
follow : —
Amongst the Sierra Leone children there is only one
death from consumption and one from scrofula reported
out of a total of I90 deaths. In the West Australian
schools two of the nine deaths arose from consumption.
In the Natal schools there was one death from consump-
tion and one from scrofula out of I6 deaths. But there
died seven children of other chest diseases besides con-
sumption. The Ceylon schools yielded seven deaths from
consumption, five from other chest diseases, and one from
scrofula, out of a total mortality of 341.
These figures, so far as they go, show comparatively
little liability to consumptive diseases among children in
these colonies. But there is a native training institution
Table S, in South Australia, in which a very large proportion of
p- 47. the mortality is due to tubercular diseases. Scrofula,
phthisis, and hfemoptysis are returned as having occa-
sioned 69 ' 6 per cent, of the total mortality in the insti-
tution, among males, and 61 * 9 per cent, among females.
When we cross over to Canada we find that, out of a total
mortality of 27, I6 deaths arose from consumption and
five from scrofula. Indeed all the specified deaths arose
from tubercular disease except one solitary death from
fever.
I will next describe shortly the method of the school
education, with its probable influence on the children's
health.
The facts under this head are given in the form of notes
to each school return. I have had them thrown together,
pp. 30 to 39. for the sake of comparison, in Table H., the general
results of which are as follow.
Many of the school houses are described in the re-
turns as of bad construction, and ill situated for health,
and the ventilation very insufficient. Some of them are
unfavourably situated for free external ventilation, or
their local position is damp and subject to malaria, the
results of which, as well as the results of general defective
sanitary condition in their vicinity are evidenced by the
great prevalence of miasmatic diseases, such as fevers,
diarrhoea, dysentery, and even cholera, among the children.
The period of tuition varies considerably, from two up
to ten or more years. The school instruction is generally
five ; in a few cases, six days af week. At a few stations
nearly half the year is allowed for holidays. Bat gene-
rally the holidays are from two to six or eight weeks.
In most of the schools there seem to be no play hours
on school days. When play hours are allowed these are
from half an hour to two hours. At about a dozen schools
only is there any out-door work combined with instruc-
tion. The largest amount of this work is given in the
jVatal and Canadian schools. Out of the whole number
there are only nine schools at which there is any attempt
made at combining the elements of physical education
with the school instruction, and even where this is done
the measure is partial and inefficient, being confined to a
few exercises or simply to bathing. The obvious physio-
logical necessity of engrafting civilized habits on uncivi-
lized races gradually through the means of systematic
physical training appears to be nowhere recognized, except
at New Norcia (Benedictine) school, Western Australia,
on the return from wdiich there is the following very im-
portant statement : — Gymnastics are stated to be neces-
sary to prevent sickness, and the reporter proceeds, " The
" idea of bringing savages from their wild state at once
" to an advanced civilization serves no other purpose
" than that of murdering them." And the result of the
out-door training practised at this school is said to have
been hitherto successful " in preventing the destructive
*' effects of tills error."
Confinement appears to be peculiarly injurious to the ^Ppe»dIxII.
aborigines of South Australia, for the Governor states ^^' ^^'
that lie " almost always finds it necessary to release pri-
'' soners before the expiration of their sentences, as death
" is apt to ensue from any prolonged confinement."
Even partial confinement in schools, he thinks, injuriously
affects the native constitution.
Another very important observation bearing on the
necessity of careful consideration of habits is recorded on
the return from one of the Natal schools. It might bs
supposed that one of the most obvious duties in bringing
iiative children to school w^ould be to clothe them, but
nevertheless clothing an uncivilized child requires care.*
In their natural state they expose themselves to torrents
of" rain vvhich runs off them, and they are easily v/armed
* People liavo been asked lo assist iu makinj^ clothing for the Kaffir
tribes whom missionaries v.-ere soing out to acldr?3s, that the feeling of
decency might not be olTended in addressing the naked.
and dried at the hut fire. But it is stated that, when
clothed in flannel and jersey, they get chilled by the rain,
and that pulmonary diseases ensue as a consequence.
The method of conducting colonial schools appears to
be based on our home system, without reference to
physical training or other local conditions affecting health.
This fact, together with the high rate of mortality, is
the most prominent result of our inquiry. And although
there is not sufficient evidence to show to w^hat extent the
school education increases the mortality, there is strong
reason to believe that it is a cause. By far the greater
part of the mortality is the direct result of mitigable or
preventible diseases.
In all the schools within or near the tropics the mias-
matic class of diseases occasions most of the mortality at
the earlier periods of life. A considerable proportion
arises from small-pox, showing bad management of chil-
dren, and that vaccination is either neglected or imper-
fectly performed. The other fatal diseases are mamly
those which in this country are connected with bad drain-
age, deficient and bad water supply, overcrowding, and
want of sufficient house accommodation and cleanliness.
In the Canadian schools consumption and scrofula appear
to occupy the place of miasmatic diseases. But there is
nothing in the school education, as described in the re-
turns, sufficient to account for their special prevalence in
these schools. The causes must probably be looked for
in the close foul atmosphere of the native dwellings in a
climate where warmth is more likely to be sought by
closing every opening capable of admitting fresh air than
would be the case in warmer latitudes, together with ex-
posure and other conditions depressing to the general
health.
Although these returns show the necessity of making
systematic physical training and bodily labour at useful
occupations an element absolutely essential and never to
be neglected in the training of uncivilized and half civi-
lized children in civilized habits and trains of thought,
there is nothing to show that education properly conducted
tends to the destruction and disappearance of native
tribes.
The general result may be summed up in the following
words : " Educate by all means, but look carefully at the
" problem with which you have to deal, and above all
" things never forget that education everywhere, but more
9
" especially with uncivilized tribes, must always include
" physical training and useful work."
Besides this statistical inquiry into the condition of Colonial
schools, I had forms prepared for colonial hospitals into ^^^^^g*^ ^^'
which natives are received for treatment, in order to com-
pare the school diseases with those prevailing among the
adult population. They were sent to the colonies, also
by the great kindness of the Duke of Newcastle. And
returns have been received from the following hospitals : —
Free Town, Sierra Leone, Cape Coast, Natal, Mauritius,
Colombo and Malabar, King William's Town, Kaffraria,
and from two native hospitals in Canada.
These returns were applied for as affording the only
means of arriving at a knowledge of the prevailing classes
of diseases among natives and of the relative mortality
Irom each class. Abstracts of the returns, showing the
mortality on the admissions for different sexes and ages,
and the relative per-centages of mortality from each disease,
are appended. (Forms I. to Y.) Of course the results pp. 40 to 53
can be relied on only so far as they represent the propor-
tions admitted and dead from each disease, taken on
numbers often hardly sufficiently large for statistical pur-
poses. On account of the smallness of these numbers, I
consider the results as only approximations, which I give
because there is nothing better to be had. The tables do
not enable us to ascertain directly the state of health or
rate of mortality of the native population ; but they afford
us in an indirect manner a considerable amount of impor-
tant information as to the diseases from which natives
suffer. The hospital statistics appear to be very much in
the same unsatisfactory condition as they are in many of
our home hospitals. With these reservations the mortality
statistics of these hospitals show a very high death rate
upon the numbers treated.
Thus, in Free Town Hospital, the mortality to admis- Table L,
sions among males is upwards of 20 per cent., and among P- 41.
females 18 '6 per cent, of the admissions.*
At the Civil Hospital, Port Louis, Mauritius, the mor- Table T,
tality is 21'3 per cent, for males, and 38"8 per cent. forP- '^^'
females.
* The admissions are obtained by adding the deaths to the recoveries,
in the absence of more definite information.
10
Table V,
p. 50.
Table P,
p. 44.
Tiible N,
p. 43.
Table X,
p. 52.
Table U.
p. 49.
Table W,
p. 51.
In the Ceylon hospitals it is 20*7 per cent, for males,
and 18*1 per cent, for females.
At Natal the mortality is much lower, being 12-8 per
cent, for males and 6'6 per cent, for females.
In Kaffraria the mortality for males and females is 21-8
per cent.
In the Canadian hospitals it is 12'3 per cent, for males
and 14 per cent, for females.
These high death rates can be attributed only to one
or more of the following causes : — Defective stamina in
the population, delay in applying for medical relief, bad
and insufficient hospital accommodation, or defectiv^e
medical treatment and management of the sick. The
exact influence of each of these elements could hardly be
appreciated without local inquiry. But the tables enable
us to obtain some insight into the matter.
We find, e. g., that in the tropical districts the mias-
matic class of diseases occasions a large proportion of the
n:iortality, e. g., at Sierra Leone 20 • 4 per cent, of the
total mortality among males and 6 '8 per cent, of that
among females is due to small-pox ; that 34 per cent, of
the m.ortality among females is due to dysentery ; and
that 19 per cent, of the mortality among males is due
to periodic fevers. The mortality from miasmatic disease
in this hospital is no less than 43 • 9 per cent, of the
total mortality among men, and 43 • 1 per cent, of the
total mortality among women.
At Cape Coast Hospital the admissions from mias-
matic diseases, at least those recorded, amounted only to
9^ per cent, of the total admissions, and no deaths are
attributed to this class of diseases. This is quite suffi-
cient to show the imperfection of the hospital records at
this station.
At Port Louis Hospital, Mauritius, the miasmatic
deaths from dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera, continued fevers,
and rheumatism amounted to 54 • 9 per cent, of the total
mortality for men, and 47 • 9 per cent, of the total female
mortality.
Dysentery appears to be particular!}^ severe and flital
amongst the natives in Ceylon, for the returns show that
43 • 6 per cent, of the men's mortality and 30 * 1 per cent,
of the women's were due to this one disease. The mias-
matic class generally gave rise in these hospitals to 64 * 3
per cent, of the total deaths of men, and 60 • 1 per cent,
of those of women.
11
In D'Urban Hospital and Grey's Hospital, Natal, 41-1 Table Q,
per cent, of the men's mortality arose from continued ^' ^'^'
fever, and 6 per cent, from dysentery. Tliis latter disease
occasioned all the deaths in hospital among women. These
two diseases are the only ones of the miasmatic class
which proved fatal.
Miasmatic diseases appear to be rare among the native Table O,
patients at King William's Town, Kaffraria. Only one of P* '*^*
them, dysentery, produced a fatal result, and it gave rise
to no more than 6 per cent, of the total deaths of men
and women conjointly.
The same diseases appear to be rare also in the Cana- Table Y,
dian hospitals, where they occasioned 12*3 per cent, of 1^' ^'^*
the men's mortality and 17 ' 3 per cent, of the women's.
The prevailing types were diarrhoea, periodic fevers, and
rheumatism.
If we take the other points of comparison, supplied by
tubercular diseases, we find a remarkable difference in the
proportion of mortality in different colonies. Thus, the Tuble M.
death rate from scrofula, phthisis, and hasmoptysis, at
Free Town, Sierra Leone, amounts to 3 • 2 per cent, of the
total deaths from all causes among men, and 2*3 per
cent, among women. In this hospital other chest diseases
give rise to a mortality of 2 * 4 per cent, for men.
At Cape Coast Hospital no deaths are registered from Table K.
any class of tubercular or chest affections.
At D'Urban Hospital and Grey's Hospital, Natal, there Table Q.
was a similar absence of mortality from these diseases.
The Ceylon hospitals afforded also only a small mor- Table W,
tality, 0'7 per cent, for men, and 1*1 per cent, for P- ^^•
women. There was, however, a mortality of 1 ' 3 per cent,
for other chest diseases, among men, and 1*7 per cent,
among women. In striking contrast with this comparative
exemption from a class of diseases to which the disappear-
ance of the native races has been to a large extent attri-
buted, we find a very considerable increase in the other
hospitals.
At Mauritius the mortality from scrofula, phthisis, and Table U.
haemoptysis, was 8 • 7 per cent, of the total mortality
among men, and 3 • 7 per cent, among women. Other
chest diseases furnish a mortality of 3 ' 6 and 1 • 8 per
cent, among men and women respectively.
At King William's Town Hospital, Kaffraria, the mor- Table 0.
tality from tubercular diseases, for men and women con-
12
jointly, was no less than 70 * 6 per cent, of the total deaths,
and from chest diseases 11 • 7 per cent.
Table Y. Both classes of disease afford a high death rate in the
Canadian hospitals. For the tubercular forms this amounts
to 44 • 9 per cent, for men, and 41*3 per cent, for women.
The other chest diseases give rise to 30 • 6 per cent, of
the total hospital mortality for men, and 24 • 4 per cent,
for women. Three-fourths of the whole hospital mortality
among men, and two-thirds among women, were thus due
to some form or other of chest disease.
Much has been said and written on the pernicious
effects of the use of intoxicating liquors by uncivilized
races. Diseases of the brain and nervous system, and
liver diseases, are those which, at home, are generally
supposed to indicate the greater or less prevalence of
habits of intoxication among the people. Let us inquire
to what extent admissions and deaths from these classes
prevail in the various colonies.
Table M. At Sierra Leone brain and nervous diseases occasion 5 • 7
per cent, of the total admissions, and 12-7 per cent, of
the total deaths among men, and 9 * 2 per cent, of the
admissions, with 21-6 per cent, of the deaths, among
women. Liver diseases afford only 0 • 1 per cent, of the
admissions, and no deaths.
Table K. Cape Coast Hospital affords an extraordinary contrast
to this, for there we find that, although brain and nervous
diseases and liver diseases occasion no more than 4 ' 8 per
cent., and 2 • 4 per cent., respectively, of the admissions,
all the deaths arose from them.
Table Q. 'pj^g Natal hospitals show a proportion of admissions
from brain and nervous diseases, of 5 * 7 per cent, of men,
and 8-3 per cent, of women. But no deaths and no
admissions from liver disease.
Table 0. I'he King William's Town Hospitals, Kaffraria, show
no admissions from either class.
Table U. At Mauritius the admissions from brain and nervous
diseases v\ ere 3 * 5 per cent, for men, and 2 * 7 per cent,
for women, and the deaths 6-1 per cent, for men, and
1 • 9 per cent, for women. Liver disease is so rare as to
be scarcely appreciable.
Table ^V. A similar remark applies to the infrequency of liver
disease in the Ceylon hospitals. In these hospitals, the
admissions from brain and nervous diseases are 1 * 6 per
cent, for men, and 3 • 2 per cent, for women. And the
deaths 1 • 5 per cent, and 3 * 1 per cent, respectively.
13
INo liver diseases were admitted into the Canadian hos- Table Y.
pitals. And the brain and nervous diseases afforded 6 • 5
per cent, admissions, and 2 per cent, deaths for men, with
5 • 2 per cent, admissions and no deaths for women.
These are the statistical results of this inquiry. To Results,
the extent to which the data are imperfect, the results are
of course unreliable. The numbers are often much
smaller than are required for such purposes. I have used
them because the best obtainable, even wnth the assistance
of the colonial governments ; and the first lesson they
teach is the necessity for assimilating the colonial regis-
tration and vital statistics to those at home. But, with
all their defects, when these statistics are examined, they
bring clearly into light certain great general facts.
As regards the schools, they show us that the educa-
tional idea in the colonies is just as deficient as it is at
home, and that it is attended with worse physical conse,-
quences.
No account appears to be taken of the past history of
the races on w^hom it is desired to confer the inestimable
blessings of Christian civilization. Our teachers go among
them just as they would into English villages. They
collect the children who, together with their ancestors,
have spent most of their existence in active out-door
habits, into all classes of structures, good, bad, and in-
different, apparently without regard to the effect of local
conditions on their health. In all probability the children
are set together as close as they are placed in one of our
Home " Model Schools,'* without any reference to children's
epidemics or other fevers. This is not done without great
risk, even with children of English birth. But to do this
with children taken from their open air habits in uncivi-
lized or semi-civilized communities is to incur the imme-
diate danger of losing the most hopeful pupils by diseases,
which, under a more rational system, might in all proba-
bility be avoided.
The education appears to be confined simply to head-
work, and no provision is made for sustaining the health
by physical training, while it is in danger of exhaustion
by a cerebral stimulus, perhaps applied for the first time
in the history of the family from which the child has
sprung. It is true that cerebral disease forms only a
small part of the school mortality ; but the diseases from
which the mortality proceeds in the tropical schools are
14
the result of overcrowding, defective ventilation, and other
local sanitary evils, all of which are augmented by sedentary
occupation.
The remedy for this is obviously to improve the school-
houses, to give more attention to space, to ventilation,
and to the locality where the school is placed, and abvive
all to make physical training an essential and important
part of the school system, never forgetting that the habits
of generations cannot be suddenly broken through without
danger to health and life.
In as far as concerns the effect of the schools on the
disappearance of native races, the returns contain no ap-
preciable evidence. Education, if properly conducted,
together with the improved personal physical, and moral
habits consequent on it, ought everywhere to be conser-
vative and not destructive ; but to be so it should be
conducted, as already stated, with a full knowledge of the
physiological effects of altered habits and the influence of
these on health.
The hospital returns, so far as they can be relied on,
show in the tropical colonies a large mortality from diseases
arising from bad drainage, bad water, imperfect agricul-
ture, want of cleanliness, and from other bad habits. Bad,
overcrowded, unventilated dwellings must also in these
colonies, as at home, bear their proportion of the blame.
Thus mortality arising from mitigable or preventible
causes of an external nature occasions in all the colonies
by far the greatest part of the death rate in hospitals.
Incivilization with its inherent diseases, when brought into
contact with civihzation without adopting specific pre-
cautions for preserving health, will always carry with it a
large increase of mortality on account of the greater sus-
ceptibility of its subjects to those causes of disease which
oan to a certain extent be endured without as great a risk
oy civilized communities born among them.
The hospital returns throw little light on the causes
of the disappearance of native races, unless these are to be
found in the great prevalence of tubercular and chest
diseases in certain of the colonies. This is especially
remarkable in the returns from Australia, Kaffraria, and
Canada. But why this class of affections should be so
much more prevalent in the temperate than in the tropical
colonies could only be ascertained by careful local inquiry.
One thing is certain that, in those colonies from which
complaints of the disappearance of native races have come,
15
tubercular and chest diseases appear to occasion the largest
amount of hospital mortality.
The discovery of the causes of this must be referred back
to the colonies. Anythimjf which exhausts the constitu-
tion ; above all things, foul air during sleep, will engender
these diseases. Open locality, healthy winds, active daily
occupation, are by themselves no safeguards, if the nights
be spent in unventilated cabins. The Alpine climates of
Europe are known to be the most free of any climates
from this tribe of diseases. But even on their healthy
mountain slopes scrofula in all its forms prevails among
the peasants, engaged during summer on the high pastures,
when they pass their nights in the close unhealthy chalets
there.
It is possible that a tubercular taint so engendered may
be the cause of the whole evil, and it is to this point that
the inquiry has brought us.
Appended to the school and hospital returns from each
colony, there are very interesting notes, giving generally
the impression of the reporters on the nature and causes
of disease among the aboriginal population. These notes,
the chief portions of which I have appended, confirm the
statistical evidence ; but they afford little additional light
on the causation.
The decaying races are chiefly in Australia, New Zea-
land, Canada, and perhaps in certain parts of South Africa.
They appear fo consist chiefly of tribes w^hich have never
been civilized enough or had ibrce of character enough to
form fixed settlements or to build towns. Such tribes
have few fixed habits or none. But the papers show that
they are naturally, in their unciviHzed condition, possessed
of far stronger stamina, and that they resist the effects of
frightful wounds and injuries far better than civilized men.
This latter fact tells strongly against any natural pro-
clivity to diseased action. But w^e nevertheless see that
when they come in contact with civilized men, and are,
as a necessary consequence, obhged to conform themselves
to a certain extent to the vices and customs of their
civilized (!) neighbours, they perish from disease.
The evidence contained in these notes unfortunately Appendix
proves that the pioneers of British civilization are not ^^> PP- ^2-
always the best of the British people. Many of them, it ^'
is to be feared, leave their own country, stained with vice
and vicious habits, ready for any act of oppression, ready
16
to take any advantage of the simplicity of the poor abo-
rigines. Such people have introduced everywhere the
use of intoxicating drinks, together with the diseases as
well as the vices of their own depraved standard of civi-
lization. Where the races are found most rapidly decay-
ing, there the married women are found living in a state
of prostitution and exposed to its diseases. And we
know where such is the case, decline and extinction are
inevitable.
This appears to be a main cause of the falling off in
births ; while the other evil habits introduced by Euro-
peans destroy the stamina of the adult population and
raise its rate of mortality. With the facts before us, im-
perfect as they are, we need feel no surprise at the gradual
extinction of these unhappy races. But we should draw
from them an argument for doing all that can be done to
lessen these evils, and to remove, as far as practicable,
any causes of disease and death which it may be in our
power to remove.
Complaint of such things, in some form or other, runs
through the whole of the evidence regarding these abori-
ginal populations, who appear to be far more susceptible
of the operation of causes of disease arising out of imper-
fect civilization, than are civilized* men ; how much more
so must they be to such dreadful causes as those indicated
above !
There is a strong presumption that, if aboriginal races
are left undisturbed in their own country .to follow their
own customs and even their own vices, they will continue
to exist as they have hitherto done, in a slowly increasing
or stationary condition. But there is no reason to doubt
the evidence contained in these papers that certain races
require very little disturbance in their primeval habits to
pass into a state of decline.
The great question at issue is, how this is to be arrested.
The facts appear to point to such remedial measures
as the following : —
1. That provision of land should be made for the ex-
clusive use of the existing tribes ; but this, by itself,
would be simply preserving their barbarism for the sake of
preserving their lives. And the question naturally occurs
whether ]\Ioravian settlements or settlements conducted
on entirely similar principles, under whatever Christian
* Meaning by "civilized," men who can live together in a city or
village without cittting each other's throats.
17
denomination, might not be introduced for the purpose of
wisely and gradually winning the people to higher and
better habits.
2. A good government which really understood its re-
sponsibilities would put down with any force requisite that
most accursed of all British habits, the sale of intoxicating
drinks to those who never knew them before. On the
heads of these traffickers rests the blood of thousands of
their fellow men.
3. Although a large proportion of children have died
while under school instruction, there is no proof that edu-
cation, if properly conducted, tends to extinguish races.
And it is possible that by educating outcast native chil-
dren, these tribes, with whatever mental constitution en-
dowed, may be spared to contribute their quota to human
knowledge and advancement.
4. The school diseases, however, indicate that education
should be conducted in a very different manner from what
it is in England. Physiology would teach us that it is
not safe to take the child of uncivihzed parents, and to
submit it all at once to the restraints of civilization. What
is wanted is a careful study of what can and what cannot
be done with safety. Time would seem to be a great
clement in the education of these children. There should
be as little interference as possible with their born habits
and customs. And that interference should take place
gradually and wisely. The probability is that if children
could leave school in health, with sufficient training to
enable them to enter the pale of civilization, their children
would be the more able to bear the required development
of the mental faculties. In any case, physical training,
and a large amount of out-door work, are essentially
necessary to success.
5. We all know how difficult it is to preserve health
among dense populations in our houses at home. We may
hence infer how much more difficult it is to draw together
numbers of uncivilized or partially civihzed people, within
the same boundary, or under the same roofj without great
risk to health and life. Bring a healthy family from the
open country into a narrow crowded London alley, and
the little ones will die, the elder ones will be sick for,
perhaps, the first time of their lives, and the parents will
fall into confirmed ill health, to say the least of it.
Our home experience hence teaches us the extreme
importance of favourable sanitary conditions, whenever an
18
attempt is made to bring the uncivilized within the pale of
civilization.
Every society which has been formed has had to sacrifice
large proportions of its earher generations to the new con-
ditions of life arising out of the mere fact of change. Only
by the greatest care and by the adoption of every requisite
improvement can London itself bear the rapid increase of
its population without danger from pestilence.
This destroying principle is now at work in the colonies
where races are decaying. And its results can only be
diminished by assimilating the new conditions, involved in
the change, as nearly as possible, so far as healthiness is
concerned, to the open air activity to which the people
have been for generations accustomed.
These are the results of this inquiry. Defective in many
particulars though they be, they are still sufficient to prove
that, on the local authorities of the colonies, there rests a
responsibility in the face of public opinion in Europe, of
the very gravest kind. It is a matter for state interference.
It is impossible to stand by, while races are disappearing,
of whom it can be said that the " Australian is the finest
" model of the human proportions in muscular develop-
" ment," that his " head might compare with an antique
" bust of a philosopher," that his " perceptive facultie&
'* are peculiarly acute," that he is an "apt learner," and
" possesses the most intense desire to imitate his more
" civilized brethren in almost every thing;" that the
Australian aborigines are " possessed of mental power on •
" a par with their brethren of the other races of man ;
*' that they are perhaps superior to the Negro and some
'* of the more inferior divisions of the great human
" family;" that they have " keen perceptive faculties, with
" a considerable deficiency in their reflective faculties, and
" a certain want of steadiness of purpose in their characters
" which appears the great obstacle to be overcome in
" reclaiming them and bringing them within the pale of
" civilization and Christianity."
These statements are from a report on the subject,
made by a select committee of the Legislative Council of
Victoria in 1858-9. In this report occurs the following
passage, with which I conckide on account of its authority,
appealing from its facts to the better feeling of the colonies,
with the hope that the time is not far off when such a
stigma as it affixes to the empire may be wiped away.
*' The great and almost unprecedented reduction in the
19
number ot the Aborigines is to be attributed to the general
occupation of the country by the white population ; to
vices acquired by contact with a civilized race, more par-
ticularly the indulgence in ardent spirits ; and hunger, in
consequence of the scarcity of game since the settlement
of the colony ; and, also in some cases, to cruelty and ill-
treatment. The great cause, however, is apparently the
inveterate propensity of the race to excessive indulgence
in spirits, which it seems utterly impossible to eradicate.
This vice is not only fatal, but leads to other causes which
tend to shorten life.
" Mr. Thomas, the guardian of Aborigines, states in
evidence, that one morning he found five drunken blacks
lying buried in the mud at the Merri Creek, which being
followed by pulmonary attack, death, as is invariably the
case, ensued. It may be remarked, that consumption
foi-ms a fruitful cause of mortality amongst them, in addi-
tion to the other causes enumerated.
" It would appear that they have materially degenerated
since the advent of the whites, as Mr. Thomas has said
' the young die two to one in proportion to the old ; I
* have some old people yet.' The rapid settlement neces-
sary upon the country being occupied by flocks and herds
was more unfavourable to the Aborigines than if it had
only been gradually taken up for agricultural purposes.
*' Your Committee are of opinion that great injustice has
been perpetrated upon the Aborigines — that, when the
Government of the colony found it necessary to take from
them their hunting grounds and their means of living,
proper provision should have been made for them. Had
they been a strong race, like the New Zealanders, they
would have forced the new occupiers of their country to
provide for them ; but being weak and ignorant, even for
savages, they have been treated with almost utter neglect.
" With the exception of the Protectorate, which was
an emanation of the Imperial Government, and which
seemed to have been only partially successful, little or
nothing has been done for the black denizens of the
country."
Every colony where the native races are declining could
furnish some such report as this. The injustice has been a
common one, and so should be the remedy.
20
No. of
Years
in
Roturn.
5 year.s.
1 year.
If years.
1| years.
2 years.
2 years.
1| years.
IJ years.
2 years.
If years.
2 years.
5 years.
8 years.
3i years.
0 years.
1
•Jtjai XioAa
otnoH f)B oip
01 looqos o.\TJOi
0llA\U3jp(Ill0J0
aaqiim^i oauJOAV
Pm"
l^«l«^ol«^«^^l j§|| 1 M 1 1 II
^:
l«^ l^«« l^«««« 1
S5
1 I 1
1
.IBdX Aj3A9
looi|og SuiABai
uaipiuio " .JO
aaqmn^iaaBaaAv
p^j
lt,« i^co« !«««« 1 1
all »,,1.||
g
^t,^ 1 «■■='- 1 «»^==« 1 1
g
1 1 1
1
1
5|
^ j |«^|^|C|«^.HW^| g|| «| 1 |«||
^1 «^J2-«0 1 l>!.10000C0t;^=0O Ul II 0|r-(jl>||
IN
p:^ 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 M M^ 1 L|| 1 1 1 1 1 II
i
S J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 « 1 ^1 II 1 1 .^ j ^
1
B
p=;[ i-^^i^M 1 i-^i'=i 1 |s|| ^1 1 hll 1
H
g 1 IrH^^rH l«^ U lo I 1 «|| III
'II
8^
-2 i
fiJ ! 1 |« |« |« \^^^^^ 1 1 |s|| 1 M 1 II
B 1 Ul«l«U,,,^cwl o|| i 1 ! Ijl
2
a
1^
p^ 1 |.HO, |o |0 |o« 1^ 1 1 |r;|| ^ 1 1 j-^ll
-• Ic.lolcc^o^.,.-.! I ^11 .= 1 1
HI
^
if
11
II
•5
1
5
p^-| IS^^gi?I^2§^SSSI
i
1 ^iH^II 1
H
S
|S§|S32|3SSS«|
g
-ill
HI'
§
^
IN
SIS
^
1 1 1 1 1 1 '^'^ 11 3 1 1 1
s|! II-
1
^
Ills i*^"' 1 IS 1" 1 §11 1^1
"II
O
<
1
31
0>H
Pm
l«2SS*^SSSgS^I llll 1 J"'
"II
S
13S3S?§§SSSS^1
^11 i^^i
-II
Si
p^
i-*s^^^^sssssasii llll ^11
H
S
I^SSSSSSiSSS^I |||| isi js||
|fS
^
l§3ISg^S§l3l3S^I llll «l 1 1"
1
s
ISSISg^g5?2g5r;;S^| J2|| =■■'=1 S
1
ijli
oog o oggooogo . ggo .
00X00 00 «^«2g»2S 000000
•3uuiado JO a:}Ba
lliilliiililil ' ill '
1 1
« ^ . . . .
irkLMiiiiii
^2,i!iiiiiiiiiirii?i^
21
No. of
Years
in
Return.
2 years.
2 years.
4J years.
4f years.
H years.
2 years.
4 years.
5 years.
If years.
If years.
5 years.
1
3f years.
5 years.
4f years.
4f years.
5 years.
5 years.
4f years.
4^ years.
5 years.
If years.
Mnajt AaaAa
araojj IB aip
01 looq.is aABai
oqAUMjpnqojo
jaquin^"^ aJ^BaaAy
f^
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ic^ ^11 I 1 1 1 i 1 II 1 1
s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^
-
11^1 -^ 1 II -^^ 1
•qil^aq-ni moaj
1V9X. A'aoAO
looqog SuiATiai
uaapiufo JO
jaqmn>i aSBjaAy
^
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u
00 1 1 1 II 11 II I i
s
1 11^111111""
»
-l-S -1 l| - 1
_ _. 00 "^ _ .
1
1
1
1
=i
^
1 1 1 1^ i I'" I"*' I'- 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1
s| 1 1 N"!-^- 1="- 1=^11 *'^-'-' =='' "'^ »^ 1
III
^1 1 1 1 11 1 II 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1
S
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 wco^ « 1 c.^ cc, 1
^\ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11^ 1 l^ll II 11 M 11 1 1 1
S
1 1 1 1 1 1 1^ 1^ 1 j».ll «,^^^ ^1 1^1 1
f^l 1 1 1 1 1 1^1 l^^^l^ 1 11 1 1 II II 1 1 1
g 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 1 ^
CO 1 1 1 1 1 U, r. 1 1 1
il
f^\ 1 111^11^1-^11" 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1
^ 1 1 1 1 .H 1 1 1 1 » 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 1
1 ^
gi
if
^ to
11
>
1
3
^ 1 s sss=^'-''|gss| III 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1
^ ^ §-^5S3|!;5S§j^
s
S^^i H - - -
IN
f^l « «^| 1 1 |0|C.O
is|| ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
s
CO eg 1 .D , 1 1 1 1 .,TO
S 1 §S^^ §§ S3S - '^
fe " i^'-i 1 ui'-^slgll II 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1
g| ^1 1§I'»IS«'='§
§8|| g°^S| §g §53 S §
^ 1 oo »^«oo|ot^og lill 1 1 1 1 11 II 1 1
^1 ^ ^^j^ooogooooo III «««» ^S S§ '^ 12
li
^\ 1 ^1 |~| ISl^gjNjj 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1
^
1 « 1 |-*=0 |0 |00O
^11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Years
included
in the
Return.
860
859
860
860
860
860
860
860
860
800
I860
860
860
I860
1860
1859
1859
1800
1860
1860
1860
858 to
857 to ]
856 to ]
856 to 1
856 to
858 to ]
856 to
855 to
1859 to
1859 to
1855 to
1857 to
1855 to
1856 to
1856 to
1855 to
1855 to
1856 to
1856 to
1855 to
1859 to
r-. r^ rr-- r^ r^ r^ r-n
•Sumodo JO ai'Ba
858
857
856
856
856
858
845
849
859
848
LS48
836
1849
1844
1835
1839
1836
1835
1843
1859
1 1-1 r^ r-> r^ r^ ■-■ i-^ ■-- r^ ■-' ■--
1
■^ 1
% 1
11
Natal.
Day and Industrial, Eden-
dale.
New Germany
St. Michael's
Ekukanyoni
Ifumi Station, S. -
Spring Vale
Umvoti
Kwangvibeni
Verulaia (Wesleyan)
Tndaleni
Pietermaritzburg -
Ceylon.
Colombo academy -
Galle central school
Kandy central school
Colombo Pettah English
school.
Grand Pass English school
Ncgombo Government
boys' school.
English school, Caltura -
Pantura boys' English
school.
Matura Government ele-
mentary school.
English Kornegallo
22
d s .s 5
gg£
III
o a. o
o) a; 0; c; cj o
amoH IB aip
01 poqag 8A^t)[
oqAvnajpiiqojo
aaqnmjij aSuaaAy
I I I M I I I » I
I I I
l« I I
I I I
I I I
•qi(Baq-in raojj
JTJ8i j£jaA8
looqog 3niA'B3[
wajpiRO ' JO
jaqnm^ aSBaaAy
I I
I I I
mi
I I I
I I
I I
1^ I
I i
I I
I I I
2 I
l« ,
I I I
1 I
^1
l« I
u.
I I
I I I
1 1 1
I I I
I I
1^ I
5i
±1
I I I
l*^ I I
I I I
I I
l-l
I I
^1
1-1 cD*q «
St
I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I
I I
I I I
I I I
I I
I I I
I i I
I I I
I I
1 1
I I I
I I
1^"
I I
I I I
1^1 I
^111
I I
SSJ
s § §ss«
I i
I I
« 1 I
I I I
I I
!>. CD lO r-t CC »0
1^1
-.t I ^
I I
I I I
I ll
121 I
I I
:i is^ss
Bt
I I i
§ I I
I I I
I I
^1
r-i iO'Neqt~OT'ai
I" IS
I ^
1^ I I
I I I
I I
I I I
I I I I II III
I I I
2 "§ ® £
g 5 - 5
%%%%%%%
ill
iiiiii
ilii
1
%%%%%
1856 to 1
1859 to 1
1859 to 1
1857 to
1859 to
1855 to ]
1857 to
III
1855 to 1
1857 to
1856 to
1856 to 1
1856 to
1856 to
2225
2
1856 to!
1857 to
1855 to
1859 to ]
1858 to]
•Sniuado jo ai^cE
00 00 I 00 00 I
I I
I ill II
:i.i V
||||.|J||li|f|||l|lll_"
"^ '^ o "i; =* S--- c'-'' c 0= cs-^ o.- o o c-Si ■
« » = o
C " ^ si's *
^ -31
s ^ is
o u «= .ti « r- ti
23
No. of
Years
in
Return.
£g^.-.-2 ctiittt tttt t tut tUtttt i
tttttt ttttttt t%%t % ttt ttttttt ;
•JB9Jt A'.19A9
9tnoH IB 9!p
01 lOOqOS 9AB91
oqAiuajpiiqOJO
Jaqmn^t a:^j9AY
fi
MINI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 11 1 II
s
|« 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 |« «rH.H 1 1 1 1 1 ^« 1 ,« |«
•qiIB9q-in raojj
JBa^ j?a9A9
lOoqos SuiABai
uaapiiqo JO
jaqran>i9gBa9AV
Pm
1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1^ 1 1 III! 1 III II 1 M II
^
m I'^i II i-«^-g -111 1 »'«- «i-i 1 IS
1
==P
»:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1! 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
^^
s
^«|M|rH |W|«||^ COW« 1 CO ^3 1 ^C0|^<«|O
U4
f^
1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 II
^
lllll^ llllll«^lll 1 1^1 l^lllll
fi
MINI II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
S
lll^ll Irnl^lU ^l»,l ^ It^l 1IIoc,hI..
Pm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 III 1 11 1 1 1 1
S
^« 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 W 1 ItO ^.HCO 1 « ^tol rH« 1 1 1 U
ii
^
1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 III M 1 1 1 1 1
S
1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 l<N^ 1 1
h
ii
If
St
is
<
1
Pm
Mill" llll'^ll MM 1 Ml 11111*1
g
SSSggS^ §?B2§gS| ^SSS % l§g^ SSSS^SS
III
P=;
II II M II II II 1 II 1 1 1 Ml II II II 1
g
oeOf-ieQtgoj -* ^ r^ jH »i rn o ^ ] os | i:~ OQ ^ lO rH t- to eg oo O lO
ii
P^
Mill- llll-ll IMI 1 III Mill"!
g
'^S^S^S ^^t^ototog «too^ ;2 oo«g gotocooog
II
f^
Mill'' MM"I1 MM 1 Ml lllim
S
r-1
1^
tiJ
M 11 II 11 1 l-l 1 Mil 1 III II M 1- 1
a
lllll« I«loc=.|o5 MM 1 Icol UIIISI
Years
included
in the
Return.
1858 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1860
1859 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1857 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1858 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1855 to 1859
1856 to 1860
18.57 to 1860
1855 to 1859
1855 to 1859
1858 to 1860
1852 to 1857
1855 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1858 to 1860
1860
1859 to 1860
1858 to 1860
1856 to 1860
1860
1856 to 1860
1852 to 1860
1856 to 1860
1856 to 1860
•gumado jo ai^a
1859
1859
1859
1859
18.36
1859
1854
1848
1838
1847
1838
1858
1847
1847
1856
1856
1856
1848
1854
1847
1850
1847
1852
1856
1851
^
Ceylon— coMif.
Kadugannawa
Harispattoo mixed school
Ambagamuwa mixed school
Medemahanuwera
Mixed school. Odoonuwera
Newera Ellia, mixed
school.
Mixed, Badulla -
Matelle mixed school
Odetenne, in Matelle
Madam pe mixed school -
Mixed school, Putlam
Mixed school, Calpentyn -
Mullativoe Government
mixed school.
Mixed, Manaar -
Mixed, Anuradhapoora -
Mattacooly-
Wattelle vernacular boys'
school.
Pamanugama vernacular
boys school.
Mahawatta -
Mahare
Kohillewatte vernacular
school.
Kottawa vernacular, boys
Slave Island boys school -
Milagria -
Dehiwella -
Attidiya vernacular school
Weligampittia
Dandogame
24
No. of
Years
in
Return.
5i years.
1 year.
4i years.
34 years.
2i years.
If years.
1 year.
3 years.
3 years.
2 years.
5 years.
3 years.
a years.
IJ years.
41 years.
1 year.
6 years.
i year.
i year.
2 years,
fyear.
5 years.
3 years.
•je9X .Cl9A9
9tnoH 1« aiP
0} lOOqOS 9AB91
oqAvuajpnqOJO
J9lininK9SBJ9AV
^
1 II II 1 1 1 1 II II li Ml 1 M 1 M
s
1 , |«, , 1 , 1 ^.« ,1 1^ II, 1 1^1 woo
JB9i XI9A9
looqog SaiAuai
uajpnqo JO
jaqran>i ggwaAy
p^
MM'' 1 1 1 ^ M M M Ml 1 1 II 1 1
s
l«Nt0» 1 1 <N O 0-* Ota II III |||eSC5|
1
'1
-
Mill 1 1 1 ^ M M II 11 1 II 1 11 1
s
r^«|»lrH ■* 1 1 ^ «00 gl3 COlH ||« ll'^l'^l
III
-
11 II 1 1 1 1 1 11 II II Ml 11 M II
g Ic 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '"" ^ 1 "■" 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 I
si
0|H
P^l M 1 M 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 M 1 1 M 1 M 1 1 1 1
g| Ull^=^ 1 1 '-'-««'= II 11^ ll^^l-"!
Si
.3?-l
^1 1 M 1 i 1 1 1 1 II II II Ml 1 1 1 1 II
g| ^toUl =^ 1 1 « --« ^1 II II- MINI
f^l 1 II ! 1 ' 1 1 1 M M M Ml M II 1 1
g M II 1 1 1 1 1 '^l 1 1 II 1 1- 1 II 1 II
Average Number of Native Children, with Sexes
and Ages, attending during these Years.
1
P=; 1 1 II -^S 1 i 1 S 1 1 II M -^ 1 1 J 1 II II
s
§g;?SS g i? fe\ ^ |S3 ggS §§ S3S SggSSS
i
p^- 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II II M III M II 1 1
^ 000,^0 ^ ^ ^ 1 goo to, o^ ^oo S'^-'IS-'
11
^1 MII^III^MMMIMIMMI
gj SSSSIS § S S S |3 ^S 12 "SS "SS"§S
S.2
2g
p=; 1 M 1 -"s 1 1 1 » II 1 1 1 1 '^ II 1 1 II 1 1
g| SS2SS S 2 -^ g §2 2§ 1 I'* 2§;3 SSS'^SS
1^
P^'l 1 M II 1 1 1 1 II II II III 1 1 1 1 1 1
g
Mill 1 1 1 1 SI M M MS ll-lll
Years
included
in the
Return.
1855 to I860
18.59 to 1860
185(J to 1860
1857 to 1800
1858 to 1860
18.j9 to 1860
1859 to 1800
1857 to 1860
1857 to 1860
1858 to 1860
1850 to 1860
1857 to 1860
1856 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1856 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1855 to 1860
1860
1860
1858 to 1800
1800
1856 to 1860
1858 to 1860
•3ara£dOJ0 9iB(i
oototoi^oo C3 t^ t^ t^ oct~ t tot^ tooo OOOOOCgt-
sisis S S 2 s ss si 22 222 222222
ji
Ceylon— coM^.
Secdua -
Katane
Andiamblam vernacular -
Imbulgodde school
Indebetta vernacular boys'
and girls' school.
Waragodde vernacular
school.
Bandaragaraa vernacular
boys' school.
A^criiacidar boys' school
at W'askaduwa.
Katukurundo boys' and
girl's school.
Vernacular at Payagalle -
Vernacular school at Bar-
baryn.
Mnccoon ...
Vernaciular boys' school,
Dondra.
Kandv gaol school
Government vernacular
boys' school, Parnegame.
Singhalese school. Passara
Radulla, Singhalese
Tamil vernacular, Ba-
dulla.
Paioogame school -
Combalwella
Matcaie Tamil school
Uatotte school
Vernacular, Kotmalie
Duuniuilaaemya ol Uhilau
25
No. of
Years
in
Return.
4 years.
2i years,
li years.
4 years.
5 years.
2i years.
3f years.
21 years.
\\ years.
4f years.
1 year,
lyear.
1 year.
1 year.
1 year.
1 year.
1 year.
5 years.
3 years.
6 years.
amoH IB aip
01 poips aATiat
oqAvuo.ipiuiojo
aaqmn^vj; a;3T!aaAV
Pm
Ill " 1°" 1 1 11 '^ 1 l^ll II 11 1 1 11 M
!^
''11 1 111 1 II 1 1
I§
1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
•qtliiaii-ni raojj
iVB \ AaaAa
looi|os 2uiAti3i
uaapimo ^ J"
aaqmu^ a3ujaAv
f^\ 1 1 -" '^ 1 1 ^ 1 -^ 1 S 1
S|| 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1^^
S
''I I 1 111 i 11 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 l^--^"
i
1
-a
>>
1
^1
<
ri| M 1 - I-- « 1 1 - 1 l^ll -»! 1 i i-i 1-
g| "M 1 -M 1 11 1 1 |i|| |-||c||^,<.
2i^
^
M 1 " 1 1 1 1 1 1 « 1 "II 1^1 II 1 1 1 1 1
S
^11 1 111 1 11 1 1
S|| 1 1 1 1^ 1 1 1 1 1
li
0>-|
^1 1 M ^ l''^ »^ 1 1 « 1 |j;|| ^-^1 1 1 1^1 I« 1
g
111 1 111 1 11 1 1
S 1 1 II 1^1 l^U
^- 1 Ml « 11-^ 1 II - 1 1 ^ II 1 - II M 1 11 "
g 1 " N 1 " M 1 11 1 1 1 II 1 ^ 11 1 1 1 11 "
^1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 -|| 1-1 11 1 11 1-
S 1 Ml 1 III i 11 1 1 1 » II 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
U
II
11
«
if
<
1
f^-| ISS ^ S3^ l§ S§ 1 S |s|| S2S'"g3SSr3^g
^
S"" 1 1 S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
^s°°;3??^n§=°g
a
f^l ,|t.«^|o«»,, 1 1
^ ll 1 ^ 'J IH CO (N (N lO 1 05
g-j =^1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 j||| |^<^.o^|^g^5H
II
f^' 1 l-^g S ""SS 2 ==S 1 « i^ll «o«o,t,c,oo=oo
g SM 1^11 111 11
III l«-«--«o«„
Si
^1 I2S S Sg?2 § SS 1 S |.i|| -»««o«<„|^„
g
o.«, 1 o.| 1 1 II 1 1
III —- S"-|-§
1^
FiJ
1 "^ 1 r. 1 1 ^ 1 00 , c
.|
l"l l^=^^M 1"
^
l"l 1^11 1 11 1 1
|C,| |»,.^| ,00
Years
included
in the
Return.
1857 to 1860
1860
1858 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1856 to 1860
1856 to 1860
1858 to 1860
1857 to 1860
1S58 to 1860
1859 to 1860
1856 to 1860
%%%%%%%%^%%
1859 to
1859 to
1859 to
1859 to
1859 to
1859 to
1859 to ]
1856 to 1
1854 to 1
1855 to 1
•Siiiuodo JO aiBci
111 1 III 1 li 1 1 ; 1 111111111
ii
Ceylon— cowr;.
Calpentyn Tamil school -
Female seminary -
Superior girls' school,
Kandy.
Grand Pass mixed girls'
school.
Borella
Colpetty girls' school
Girls' mixed school, Cal-
tura.
Matura Government girls'
school.
Kottawa, vernacular, girls'
Pantura mixed girls'
school.
Vernacular girls' school
at Pantura.
Government Tamil girls'
School.
Total -
Canada.
Faugeeng -
Pnake Island
Rice Lake -
Chemong or Mud Lake -
Alnwick industrial school
New England, CO. Mohawk
Mohawk
Mohawk Institution
Manito waning
Wikwemikong
26
No. of
Years
in
Return.
1
1
■*
amoH ?^ aiP
0% looqos aA'eai
oqA\uajpnqOJO
aaqranjj; aAjaaAy
li^
1
!^'
1
•q!HB3q-in raojj
jBajt ^jaA8
poqos SuiA^ai
uajpiiqo JO
aaquinjsL oSeiaAy
b
lO
^
-
i
to
a
1
1
^1
^
lO
s
1 1 ^
^
III
.
-
S
-
Em
1 1 1
^
g
.
S2
51
^'
1 1 1
^
S
1
-
-
II
^\ III
«
s
1 1 1
-
ii
ii
11
1
9
p^
s
lO
§
1
g
??
§5
^
i
ill
fil
-^
«
eo
§
s
«
«
*~
s
0>H
pi
.
ir-
S
§
^
•*
O
s
1
^
-
«o
■*
s
g
s
-
(N
s
1=^
p^l III
s
g
I 1 1
§
Years
included
in the
Return.
i
1
i
1
1
.
•Suxuado JO a^^a
1
i
1
.
1
1
' •
>>
ll
1 i
Canada— eow#.
St. Clair common
school.
Walpole Island com
school.
Mount Elgin
Total
Average
Number who
leave School
to die
at Home
every Year.
[iJ
Sl^^^l
S
g
§5l^gl
8
Average
Number who
leave School
from ill-
health
every Year.
p=;
gocogo
.
^
§l'°g'°
i
1
^
pi
S^^^S
i
g
1
ll
pi
^ 1 jM,H
lO
s
''JIS^
s
la
pi
s-^^s^
g
S
i
pi
o|^^^
s
^
.|C0O«
«
1
pi
tjrHKKNM
s
S
^CC CO to rH
s
1
■5
pi
i^iii
1
S
|^§p
1
S'^igg^
S
11
3
g
§»-g3S
1
Pi
rii^
1
g
ss^ij
1
o
^
rii"
i
S
320
10
260
1,956
105
1
pi
|-§g.S
1
^
S2§;g§
g
i
Sierra Leone
Western Australia
Natal -
Ceylon -
Canada -
Total
27
B.
MORTALITY IN THE COLONIAL SCHOOLS.
(Sierra Leone.)
Years of Life.
Deaths.
Annual Rate of MortaUty
per Cent.
Ages.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
All ages -
7,779*
5,885*
1,894
190t
122t
68
2-44
2-07
3-59
Under 5 years -
1,684
1,019
665
78
41
37
4 63
4-02
5-5S
5-10
1,409
781
' 628
39
19
20
2-77
2-43
3-19
10-15
1,812
1,259
553
28
18
10
1-55
1-43
1-81
15 and upwards -
459
411
48
3
2
1
•65
•49
2-08
This total includes the years of life of 483 male children whose ages were not specified,
f Including 42 deaths of male children whose ages were not specified.
c.
MORTALITY IN THE COLONIAL SCHOOLS.
(Natal.)
Years of Life.
Deaths.
Annual Rate of Mortality
per Cent.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
All ages - -
Under 5 years -
5-10
10-15
15 and upwards -
3,832
344
2,279
898
411
1,710
141
1,035
346
188
2,122
203
1,244
552
223
16
6
3
9
3
3
2
7
3
4
1
•42
1-74
•31
•33
•53
2^13
•29
•58
•33
l^48
•32
•18 -
MORTALITY IN THE COLONIAL SCHOOLS.
(Western Australia.)
Years of Life.
Both
Sexes.
^xes ^^^^®- females.
Annual Rate
of Mortality per cent.
Both
Sexes.
Males. Females.
All ages
Under 5 years
5-10
10-15
15 and upwards
147
93
81
36
2^52
4^76
1^24
3-47
7^23
1^29
1^56
4-00
28
MORTALITY IN THE COLONIAL SCHOOLS.
(Cetlox.)
Ages.
Tears of Life.
Deaths.
Annual Rate
of Mortality per Cent.
Annual Rate of
Mortality in
England and Wales.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Fe-
males.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Fe-
males.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Fe-
males.
All ages -
Under 5 years -
5-10
10-15
15 and upwards,
say 17.
35,339
644
7,278
23,090
4,327
20,721
575
6,510
9,377
4,259
14,618
69
768
13,713
68
341
8
109
160
64
301
6
105
129
61
40
2
4
31
3
•96
1-24
1-50
•69
1^48
1^45
1-04
1-61
1-38
1^43
•27
2^90
•52
•23
4-41
•92
•53
•84
•92
•52
•82
•91
•54
•85
Note. — The mortality at all ages was ^96 per cent, of both sexes, but including the deaths of children
who have been returned as leaving school to die at home, this number will be nearly doubled.
MORTALITY IN THE COLONIAL SCHOOLS.
(Canada.)
Ages.
Tears of Life.
■npatvio ! Annual Rate
"^^^i^^- 1 of Mortality per cent.
1
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
All ages
Under 5 years
5-10
10-15
15 and upwards
2,141
93
679
933
436
1,286
60
414
558
254
855
33
265
375
182
27
4
9
12
2
12
1
5
5
1
15
3
7
1
1-26
4^30
1-30
1-29
•46
•93
1-67
1^21
•90
•39
1-75
9^09
1-51
r87
•55
29
o
1
1
1
f^
2 t- ■?! O O
a
(M OS t^ ^ C>»
!>) O ^
r-( CO
4
fii
C>l ^ — (N -*
g
« <M •* -* r..
i
2
fi<'
1 1 1 1 <M
^
^ -H 1 ^ c<5
lit
fiJ
1 1 1 1 1
S
^ 1 1 -- 1
ill
p4
1 CO 1 1 1
S
1 ■* 1 >» 1
5
P^
1 -H 1 ^ «
g
^ 1 (M «> t-
5
FiJ
I 1 • O 1
S"
1 1 1 «- 1
ii
II
F^;
1 ^ . * 1
^
, -^ , g >
i
Ph
W 1 1 OS 1
S
S 1 1 2 --
Sea rlet Fever,
Measles.
Wliooping-
Cough.
f^
c ^ ^ _ ,
S
rt r-l C^
1
1
CO
^'
55 . , 1 ,
^
5J ' . - 1
1
• 1 1 I 1
• ••II
1
P -5 § M -^
30
4
1
1
1
o
1
s
Building well constructed. Ventilation somewhat
impeded. Diet plain and simple.
Conducted in a thatched chapel. Situation good.
Stone chapel, without special ventilation.
Frame built chapel, situated on the Island of
Bananas. No special ventilation.
Building large and well ventilated.
Conducted in the cellar of the chapel. Position
and ventilation good.
Building stone. Ventilation and position good.
Frame built chapel, without special ventilation.
Frame chapel, without special ventilation.
Stone chapel. Position and ventilation excellent.
Frame built chapel, without special ventilation.
Conducted in a wooden chapel. Ventilation in-
different.
Brick house, situated on a hill. Diet : milk,
porridge, bread, meat, vegetables, soup, rice, &c.
Physical
Education
(including
Gymnastics,
Batliing,
Exercise).
d 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
>^.oooo oo oooooo o
O !z;^l?^ ^!2i 12; ^ ;^ !z; ;2j :^ (z;
i
w
1
2 o
^ oooo oo oooooo ' o
1
^ gggg ^g gggggg 1
|z;lzi;z;;zi ^ ^z; ^z; iz; Iz; Iz; -z;
6
-f- 1 u
Annual No.
of
Holidays.
42 days -
21 days -
21 days -
21 days -
1 month -
21 days -
21 days -
15 days -
1 5 days -
21 days -
15 days -
21 days -
Twice ayear
No. of
School
Days
to ininicio »n>o oioomioio i m
Length of
>^chool
Education.
3i years -
2 years
7 years
2 years
2 years
2 years
2 years
10 years -
Name of School.
Sierra Leone.
C. M. Jubilee -
Kessy - - -
Campbell Town -
Government - - -
Bananas - - -
Christ Church -
Buxton - - .
Gibraltar - - -
Jehovah Shalom -
York
Zion
Tabernacle
Bathurst St.
Liberated African
"Western Australia.
Annesfield
31
5.1
5 o!®
6 a; 2 ;i a
d8 S "* «i T
bo OJ t^ ts ^
™ ?► ^5 S g
s'-^
So. M rt ?<l ^^
-O S rt tc ^ 0 -^
5^3 <5 a -o
.|-gT3|.S.|
I*
p tic
o a -is
" ci D
+^ p-^cs £ o o
O) rK to aj O ?>•
fl 9 s ?
•a-2 o 5
H C!j « S
■g.2 Jais
O
S -2 a .a
^ ± t>0 aj
H oa.9 &
O ^ S -^
be--, q c3
tH 'i^fH
2i <u g'S § ■^'S
o -a ■" _S o Qj bo
5h
'"cSj
^.t' S
; rQ 41 ,1)
^ -^-^
^ ^ ^ irf g ^ aj
0) .'d S * ^ ^
-^ a •? a .r g ^
a M-^ ;§ -g g §
g q a) 3 a g j^
2^ a ■» ^ g g
y o P 13 a &, ;3
°§
^-1
^1'
3w
s 1
^"1
32
1
4
o
Room of wattle and daub. Situated on the side
of a hill. Diet : meal, milk, and potatoes.
Built of brick, thatched roof, mud floor.
Held in a chapel.
Diet : porridge with meat.
Held in a chapel, well ventilated.
Situation the best that could be selected, and
ventilation good. Principal buildings in bad
repair. School cannot be held in wet weather.
More and better accommodation required.
Well ventilated, and situated in the healthiest
part of the toM'n.
The building is constructed at the bottom of a
hill, and damp during wet weather. Ventila-
tion good. Diet: rice, vegetables, and fish.
Locality of the school-house is very bad, situated
in a very noisy, hot, and dusty road.
Well ventilated. Situated on the rising ground,
enjoys the benefit of the sea breeze. Diet:
rice, fish, curry, and beef occasionally.
Situated on the plain, bordering the sea shore,
admitting sea breeze freely.
Situated on the left bank of the Kaln Ganga.
Ventilation very satisfactory.
Jz;
o
O
i
ill
' ' '3 ' ' ll
000-300 K§ 3 S 3 3 3 3
1
1
1*
§ooS s ssssss
5
§^§ll§§ ^ §-^- -- --
O
a
1"
« 0 n 0 LI -r 0 0 0 0 « in 0
to
o
1
1 «
,!M^rt^^ (M coo coco MO
g
i«
0 0 0 0 0 o 0 00 00 0 0
O
1
III
£ ■ ■ . «
, 0 1 0 i , 2 <D 0 CS 0 0
1
1
■s
1
ail'
- 1 1 ! i 1
! ' "1 'M i- 1 1 ^ 1 1 1
l| .|fe .| SI 1 1 ^ 1 jf
^ III |i 1 ^ -^ Pi i'^i
33
4
1
CO
j
1
Ventilation sufficient. Situated on the bank of
the lake, not far from the sea ; district remark-
ably salubrious.
School-room spacious and airy. Situated near
the sea ; position healthy.
School-room is now more commodious and airy ;
will prove more beneficial to the health of the
children.
School-room is spacious and airy, situated near
the sea.
School-room of stone, and well ventilated. Sta-
tion generally healthy, except in November
and three following months. " Tobacco much
practised," with pernicious results.
Building consists of two halls, well ventilated.
Diet : rice, fish, beef occasionally. General
health of the children good.
School an open shed, and considered healthy.
Situated in a noisy and filthy position. Mud
floors, dilapidated walls, and want of free
ventilation.
House airy, but not kept clean. No provision
made for a sweeper. Boys have materially
suffered in health.
School-room is spacious and airy, situated near
the sea.
Physical
Education
(including
Gymnastics,
Bathing,
Exercise).
O OOO oo o oo oo o
t
1
1
1
il
None-
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
1
O O o o
£ O
lo lomm vnin w oio oo o
a a
45 days -
56 days -
63 days -
56 days -
45 days -
56 days -
64 days -
56 days -
61 days -
66 days •
40 days -
56 days -
No. of
School
Days
o ooo oo o oo oo o
5 to 6 years
4 years
5 years
5 to 8 years
8 years
3 years
10 years -
5 years
1
1
1
Ceylon — cont.
Pantura boys' English
school.
Matura Government ele-
mentary school.
Kornegaile English
Malrandahn Government
mixed school.
Copetty mixed school
Kandane - - .
Mabola mixed school
Kaigalle mixed school
Ratnapoora mixed school -
Bentotte mixed school
Government mixed school
at Balepitimodera.
Matura boys' school
34
Remarks on State of School, &c.
School is situated in a healthy locality, not far
from the sea, and well ventilated.
Situated in a salubrious part of the town.
Situated near the sea, in a salubrious locality.
School-room and dormitories well ventilated.
Health of pupils generally good.
House well ventilated. Diet simple. Climate
generally healthy.
Rooms well ventilated.
Building sufficiently ventilated, but rather damp.
Situated in the healthiest part of the town.
Building is commodious and well ventilated.
Situated in a healthy locality.
Situated in a salubrious part of the town.
Situated in a healthy locality ; enjoys the benefit
of sea breeze.
School is built in a healthy place.
Situated in a healthy locality. Room is large
and well ventilated. Diet: rice and vegetables.
Diet : rice, milk, curries, and vegetables.
Situated in a healthy locality.
Situated in the heart of the town. School con-
sists of one large hall. Ventilation free.
School built on an elevation. Well ventilated.
Physical
Education
(including
Gymnastics,
Bathing,
Exercise).
1 III 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 Tj 1 1 1 1
1 1 . 1^ .s ^ • ■ • -
^ |;|| ^ ^ ^ j| ;l;| ;! ll 1 1^^ ;!
i
P
i ii- i - i i ii i i - ill 1
1
i
M
«o mioi^ t- en >« w id»o w us w wiftt-. o
11
56 days -
56 days -
62 days -
Thrice a year
3 months -
3 months -
65 days -
65 days -
59 days -
59 days -
46 days -
56 days -
28 days -
56 days -
56 days -
56 days -
41 days -
^m
lo lOino m >o o in mm m m m mmm m
6 years
3 years
5 years
6 years
2 and 3 years
4 years
4 years
6 years
7 years
5 years
1 to 4 years
1
1
1
Ceylon— con ^
Matura girls' school
Belligam boys' school
Boys' school, Dondra
Oodoovil female boarding
school.
Batticotta high school
Batticotta training and
theological school.
Galle mixed school
Kallowelle mixed -
Belligam mixed school
Hambantotte mixed school
Trincomalie, mixed, boys'
school.
Kandy mixed school
Kandy industrial school -
Pitiyagedere
Madewelletenne -
Gampola mixed school
Nawelepitiye mixed school
35
Si
a
£S
O .jt-^T.
o o &,
"Hi'
^ si
.s>
"3 o pS t£"3?
.ssgf.s.g
^^ ^^
^ 12;
^ ;z;« !z;^
el a CI
o " o
l^i o !Z5
3 oa
OS cd
T3 Ti
"qg^St-g
o a
2 a
w s
i.2 a
«= « »-
o a>
o ><
§'3 a
w< ^6
!2;«
gC§ Ph
c 2
36
li*^;
p" |- a -73 g
^1 1 ~ :^
ffi O
■2 g ■ c2 §
fe" rt r; "
tp;^ -^ •-5'
1^.2 S
o o
_ o S
I
be 3
43 ^ •
s ^
■^ >»
S^
8^-
I*
o o
lo »f5 »n m
k. >% !^
rs 13
lift'
lo in lo >o
S -5
t> -3 O
.^■-3
-9'^
Q< ^
37
S
!
1
o
o
H
;?;
5
1
S
1
o
1
.
Bungalow construction, situated near a lake,
which aifords a gentle breeze.
Construction, mud walls and cadjan roof. Posi-
tion airy and slightly elevated.
School-house is a poor building, situated in an
interior village. Children enjoy good health.
Building is a cadjan thatched open bungalow,
giving full light and ventilation. J.ocality
healthy.
Bungalow construction, situated near the sea ;
enjoys a gentle breeze during the day.
School is unhealthy, being too close to the sea.
Want of a school-room much felt.
No school. School " is not yet built up."
School is situated in a healthy part of the village.
Physical
Education
(including
Gymnastics,
Bathinp,
Exercise).
^^
OOOo O O OOOO
o O o o o o
1
|l
ii
None -
None -
None -
The rest
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
O O § O O
(25 ^^^^
1
u
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
None-
/2
||
•O lO
mm i.o o in m o m o o
m m 't «o m m
O
H
/2
1 «
59 days -
45 days -
49 days -
62 days -
45 days -
45 days -
42 days -
62 days -
70 days -
62 days -
60 days -
50 days -
50 days -
50 days -
56 days -
No. of
School
Days
Week.
«o in
mo m m »o m mmmm
m m m m m m
3
11
4 or 5 years
5 years
4 or 5 years
3 years
4^ years -
4 years
4 years
5 years
4 years
1
L
1
1
1
Ceylon — co?;^.
Katane -
Andiamblam vernacular
Imbulgodde school
Indebetta vernacular boys'
and girls' school.
Waragodde vernacular
school.
Bandaragama vernacular
boys' school.
Waskaduwa vernacular
boys' school.
Katukurunde vernacular
boys' and girls' school.
Payagalle, vernacular
Barbaryn vernacular school
Maccoon - - .
Dondra vernacular boys
scliool.
Parnegame Government
vernacular boys' school.
Passara, Singhalese school
Badulla, Singhalese
Badulla(Tamil) vernacular
Paloogame school
Combalwella
38
SiP
'^ ^
1 a< i* S
9 S)
|0
P-i a
: §11 g
0 a n a H o fl
o o o o o o o
J2; ;z; ;2; ^z; |zi ;2i :z5
o o
;^^^
c c o n n a (=1
© o o o o o o
iz; ;zi 12; Iz; ;zi 12; ^25
to lo »n ift «D
I's-i
13 TS -O t3 "O '^ TS
W CO «o
Tf T^ «?
(M
r-l n CO
lO '^ to
in »o in lO lO in o
HI
>« CO 00
3 as
CO «>» lO
'So
a -o s ' ^
« =« g b-g
fcO'
S 2
> i' ^^'3 5 to
5 ti! G O f^ W O
tiD
P o
a a > '
CS C3 o
P-iP-iO
39
4
1
1
•s
1
as
5
1
1
"Wooden frame building. Position, airy and
healthy.
A frame building in a good airy position, well
ventilated, on the borders of a lake.
A frame building in an airy situation, well ven-
tilated.
School house commodious and well ventilated.
Brick building properly veniilated. Position
elevated. Diet : soups, vegetables, meats, and
bread.
Children healthy.
Brick building, well ventilated, situated in a
healthy position. Diet : bread, meat, vege-
tables, com meal, milk, butter, and soup.
Situated on the Kiver Pont. Island damp.
Children remarkably healthy. Institution stands
in an elevated position on the banks of the
Eiver Thames. Sleeping apartments well ven-
tilated. Diet : plain and wholesome.
Physical
Education
(including
Gymnastics,
Bathing,
Exercise).
oo ooo ooS oS o o o
^ ^ '^ ;^^ ;^;2;>^ '^>^ ;zi jzi ^
1
Ji
None -
None -
None -
2
None -
None -
None -
4
None -
None -
None -
None -
3
None -
None -
None -
None -
None -
1
1
2 .
None -
10
minutes.
None -
None -
3
i^
to to iOiO tOtOtO Tfr^ 5D <£) "^
None
None
7 days -
35 days -
28 days -
28 days -
40 days -
7 days -
7 days
14 days -
28 days -
7 days
No. of
School
Days
"Week.
6 to 8 years
8 to 10 years
5 or 6 years
5 or 6 years
5 or 6 years
4 to 5 years
5 to 7 years
6 to 1 5 years
5 to 6 years
i
i
a
Canada.
Saugeeng
Snake Island
Eice Lake
Chemong or Mud Lake -
Alnwick industrial school
New England, co. Mohawk
Mohawk -
Mohawk Institution
Manitowaning
"Wikwemikong -
St. Clair common day
school.
"Walpole Island common
school.
Mount Elgin
40
CAPE COAST.
CoLoxiAL Hospital.
Of the Admissions into Hospitals, the proportion per cent. Avho died
and who recovered during One Year, 1857-1858.
All Ages.
Died in Hospital.
Recovered.
M. and F.
M. and F.
All diseases
.
.
-
4-3
87-0
Variola -
_
.
_
Dysenteria
.
.
_
.
100-0
Diarrhoea
-
-
-
—
—
Cholera biliosa -
.
.
1
„ spasmodica
-
-
Periodic fevers -
-
.
—
100-0
Continued fevers
-
-
-
—
Eheumatisnuis acutiis
„ chronicus
-
-
}
—
100-0
Scrofiila -
-
_
1
Phthisis -
-
.
I
Hsemoptysis
-
-
1
Brain and nervous system
_
_
50-0
50-0
Chest diseases -
.
_
.
.
Liver diseases
-
-
-
-
50-0
—
Note. — In some instances the number of admissions were exceeded by the deaths
+ the recoveries ; in calculating the per-centages the aggregate of the deaths and
recoveries (D. + R.) -were in these instances regarded as the number of admissions.
In instances where the proportion of deaths or recoveries approach 100 per cent,
the observations have been very few,
K.
CAPE COAST.
Colonial Hospital.
Proportion of
Deaths from
Proportion of
Admissions
Proportion of
Deaths from
each Cause to
100 Deaths from
all Causes.
each Cause to
100 Admissions
from each
from each
Cause to 100
Admissions
Cause.
from all Causes.
M. and F.
M. and F.
M. and F.
All causes
-
4-3
100-0
100-0
Variola
.
Dysenteria
-
4-7
—
Diarrhoea
.
—
Cholera biliosa - ' -
:|
„ spasmodica
Periodic fevers -
2-4
Continued fevers
.
Eheumatismus acutus -
-".
„ chronicus
- _ -
—
Scrofula
-1
Phthisis - - - - 1-
Haemoptysis
- -1
Brain and nervous system
50-0
4-8
50-0
Chest diseases -
.
Liver diseases - - - .
50-0
2-4
50-0
Other diseases -
-
-
83-3
Note. — The deaths + recoveries have been taken as the admissions in making
these calculations.
41
Q ^
o o
o
o
i,
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CO
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42
FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE.
Colonial Medical Department.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Admissions from
each Cause.
Proportion of
Admissions from
each Cause to
100 Admissions
from all Causes.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Deaths from all
Causes.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
All causes
-
20-3
18-6
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
Variola
-
26-2
7-0
15-6
19-4
20:4
6-8
Dysenteria
-
16-7
83-3
2-9
8-0
2-4
34-0
Diarrhoea
-
25-0
-
•9
•5
1-0
-
Cholera biliosa
-•
„ spasmodica -
--
Periodic fevers
-
14-8
-
26-2
-
19-0
-
Continued fevers
-
16-7
-
•4
•2
•3
-
Rheumatismus acntus -
.^
^
5-6
28-6
2 9
1-6
•8
2-3
„ chronicus
-J
Scrofula
-~
Phthisis
19-7
10-0
3-3
3-8
3-2
2-3
Haemoptysis -
-.
Brain and nervous system
-
40-0
42-2
5-7
9-2
12-7
21-6
Chest diseases -
-
18-0
-
2-1
1-1
2-4
-
Liver diseases -
-
-
-
•1
-
-
Other diseases -
-
19-3
11-6
39-9
.56-2
37-8
33-0
Note. — The deaths + recoveries have been taken as tha admissions in making
these calculations.
43
N.
KAFFRARIA.
King William's Town Hospitals.
Of the Admissions into Hospitals, the Proportion per Cent, who died
and who recovered during Four Months, 1858.
All A.ges.
Died
in Hospital.
Recovered.
Male and Female.
Male and Female.
All diseases
-
21-8
78-2
Variola
-
—
—
Dysenteria
-
10-0
90-0
Diarrhoea
-
—
100-0
Cholera biliosa -
:|
„ spasmodica
Periodic fevers -
-
—
—
Continued fevers
-
—
—
Rheumatism us acutus -
. ■
„ chronicus
Scrofula
-
Phthisis
- V
70-6
29-4
Haemoptysis
-J
Brain and nervous system
-
—
—
Chest diseases -
-
50-0
.50-0
Liver diseases -
-
—
—
Note. — In some instances the number of admissions were exceeded by the deaths
+ the recoveries ; in calculating the per-centages, the aggregate of the deaths' and
recoveries (D. + R.) were in these instances regarded as the number of admissions.
In instances where the proportion of deaths or recoveries approach 100 per cent,
the observations have been very few.
0.
KAFFRARIA.
King William's Town Hospitals.
Proportion of
Deaths from
each Cause to
100 Admissions
from each
Cause.
Proportion of
Adinissious
from each
Cause to 100
Admissions
from all Causes.
Proportion of
Deaths from
each Cause to
100 Deaths from
all Causes.
M. and F.
M. and F.
M. and F.
All causes
-
21-8
100-0
100-0
Variola
_
.^
Dysenteria . . .
-
10-0
12-8
6-
Diarrhoea . . .
_
—
3-9
—
Cholera biliosa
„ spasmodica
Periodic fevers
:}
-
—
-
Continued fevers
-
—
—
—
Rheumatismus acutus -
„ chronicus
:|
—
—
—
Scroftila
-1
Phthisis
-[
70-6
21-8
70-6
Haemoptysis -
Brain and nervous system
-J
Chest diseases -
.
50-0
5-1
11-7
Liver diseases -
-
—
—
—
Other diseases -
-
4-5
56-4
11-7
Note. — The deaths - recoveries have been taken as the admissions in making
these calculations.
44
Ha
^- ■
1
f^
1
Ill 1 II 1
1 1
1 1
00
o
1
1
(g
S
1
III 1 II 1
; 1
1 1
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45
Q.
NATAL.
D'Urban Hospital and Grey's Hospital.
All causes
Variola
Dysenteria
Diarrhoea
Cholera biliosa -
„ spasmodica
Periodic fevers
Continued fevers
Rheumatismus acutus -
„ chronicus
Scrofula
Phthisis
Haemoptysis
Brain and nervous system
Chest diseases -
Liver diseases -
Other diseases -
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Admissions from
each Cause.
Males. Females,
9-1
6-6
Proportion of
Admissions from
each Cause to 100
Admissions
from all Causes.
Males. Females.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Deaths from all
Causes.
Males. Females.
41-1
]sroTE — The deaths + recoveries have been taken as the admissions in making
these calculations.
In instances -where the proportion of deaths or recoveries approach 100 per cent.
the observations have been very few.
46
H
H
o
•Jl
•S3
ow
I I
I I
I ;,
I =5
I I
I 1
\_ 1^
I I
I I
I I
_M
JM
I I
I i
I I
I I
I I
_M_
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
3
o
OS •«
.2 §
ell
till
•-II -
'2.S S 3.22
OOJ3 5j3j5u.a.S
& « «
_ <l» <u S
•s « S §
a. rt "-5 '-g
.3 ^
S; -a
III
III
JP
S ^ §
HI
CO t: n
E "
5-5 5
o + g.
2Q
5
S 2
'• S ^
47
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
PooNiNDiE Native Training Institution.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Admissions from
each Cause.
Proportion of
Admissions from
each Cause to 100
Admissions
from all Causes.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Deaths from aU
Causes.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
All ages
-
15-9
30-9
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
Variola
-
—
—
—
—
—
Dysenteria
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Diarrhoea
-
-
-
-
-
Cholera biliosa -
"1
„ spasmodica
J
Periodic fevers
_
-
-
-
-
-
Continued fevers
-
-
-
-
-
-
Rheumatismus acutus
"1
I
—
—
4-1
—
—
—
„ chronicus - J
Scrofula
-
Phthisis
-
70-0
81-2
15-9
23-5
69-6
61-9
Haemoptysis
-
Brain and nervous system
100-0
-
2-1
-
13-0
-
Chest diseases -
-
-
-
3-4
-
-
-
Liver diseases -
-
-
-
2-8
1-5
-
-
Other diseases -
-
3-8
-
71-7
75-0
17-4
38-1
Note. — The deaths + recoveries have been taken as the admissions in making
these calculations.
In instances where the proportion of deaths or recoveries approach 100 per cent,
the observations have been verv few.
48
CI,
o
^
O Ol
o
o
o
o o •
•d
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1
1 o
o
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I
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n
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o
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en o>
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o 00 o
s
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t^ (M
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ift to >a
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o -
o
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11
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53
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rain and nervous
system.
best diseases -
ractura -
iver diseases -
ariola
fluenza -
phthalmia
ysenteria -
iarrhoea -
lolera biliosa - 1
1
sis
111
"'i-s i
chronicus
Syphilitic disease.
Anasarca -
Scrofula - - 1
■i o
:5 g
<
t>>500PC_)
P-iOW
K
PhWW
OP^^ 1
49
U.
MAURITIUS.
Civil Hospital, Port Louis.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Admissions from
each Cause.
Proportion of
Admissions from
eacli Cause to 100
Admissions from
all Causes.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Deaths from all
Causes.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
All Causes
21-3
38-8
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
Variola . - -
—
—
•1
—
—
—
Dysenteria - _ -
40-7
75-0
5-7
6-4
10-9
12-4
Diarrhoea - - .
37-7
61-7
10-1
14-5
18-0
23-0
Cholera biliosa
„ spasmodica - -J
62-0
63-6
4-3
3-9
12-5
6-5
Periodic fevers
25-0
—
•1
-
-1
-
/
Continued fevers
14-6
27-8
12-7
6-4
8-8
4-6
Eheumatismus acutus - - -i
„ chronicus - J
11-9
33-3
8-3
1-1
4-6
1-4
Scrofula - - .-^
Phthisis - - - I
57-1
72-7
3-3
2-1
8-7
3-7
llffimoptysis - - -J
Brain and nervous system
36-9
26-7
3-5
2-7
6-1
1-9
Chest diseases - - -
29-2
50-0
2-7
1-4
3-6
1-8
Liver diseases -
31-6
—
•5
•3
-7
—
Other diseases - - -
11-4
28-4
4S-7
61-2
26-0
44-7
XoTE.— The
these calculation
+ recoveries have been taken as the admissions in makinr
D
50
^ i
o c
O .2
•SIB
-gn
r^ O
•2 s
fi5
o o
o o
o o
o "* to
o to t^
I I
(N 00
00 lO
-* 00 00
O CO CO
CO CO o
55
"3 »
I i I I
*^ «^ (M »0
1 I
CO 00 >o
■* o c>«
I I
Tl" CO o o
I 2 I
o o o
o o o
I ;- I
l^ o o
i lo o
(M (M
I I
li I ^ I
« I
-* CO l^
■* 00 r-
1 I
li
I I I I
I I I
I I
I I I
>QCa PhOW GcoCLiKpq Oh:!
!i
11
i?
5 g
S S3
51
W.
COLOMBO AND MALABAR.
Singhalese Hospitals.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Admissions from
each Cause.
Proportion of
Admissions from
each Cause to 100
Admissions from
all Causes.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cavise to 100
Deaths from all
Causes.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females..
All causes - _ .
20-7
18-1
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
Variola
11-2
9-9
1-1
8-5
-8
4-6
Dysenteria ...
49-0
54-1
14-2
10-2
43-6
30-1
Diarrhoea . - .
30-9
52-3
8-2
7-8
16-1
22-3
Cholera biliosa -
45-6
70-0
•4
-5
-9
2-0
„ spasmodica
Periodic fevers
1-7
•8
20-3
16-0
2-1
-7
Continued fevers
2-3
1-3
-2
-2
—
Rheumatismus acutus
.
2-0
1-9
4-8
4-3
•6
•4
„ chronicus
Scrofula
Phthisis
15-2
29-4
•7
-7
-7
1-1
Haemoptysis - - _
Brain and nervous system
12-6
12-6
1-6
3-2
1-5
3-1
Chest diseases - - -
20-7
24-2
1-0
1-3
1-3
1-7
Liver diseases - - -
12-0
33-3
•3
•1
-2
-2
Other diseases - - .
11-0
13-2
46-1
47-2
32-0
33-8
Note. — The deaths + recoveries have
these calculations.
been taken as the admissions in
D 2
making
52
<
H
I— t
Ah
ai
O
• 33
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I"
Hi
5 ^
so
SI
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1
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5|
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J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1
1
1
s
&;
s
CO O O O t C3 o>
^ 1 l§ 1 1 1 1 g{ s s 1
CO OO O O C35t^O
rt loolol o r»io|
00 ' in o ' o ' o 00 t^ '
.=3
11
^
2 IIIIM i S2^'
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(MO ^ CO ^
i lollll 1 (Ncoml
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3
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ri
g
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o^ 1 1 c^ i o 1 1 1 « II
« o> o o
glislgll '1''
.si
Pa
p^'
sll^llil glil
s
^- II i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
p
1
f4
«D O 00 «D O O
^
o o oi o o
o |oa)|^-| 1 1° l!
if
ri
g
i lis i|, , 1 1 Si
S Mi l|l 1 1 1 11
<
1
Pm
M I o .^ 1 I- 1 in o 00 ^- I
1:~ 'OOO'oo' 00 (N-^io'
S'
r- inoo 00 o -*050
r~ j^-o»|w>| o i o A-j
00 ' 00 00 ' 0> ' O i-H to '
.S3
It
O to O CO (M <0 05
rj« lloolinl t(h OjA<li'l|
M »0 <N cq to «5 O
o\ 1 CI o 1 to 1 I CO if n \
i-H rH ,-H C» CO
1 1 1 1^^—11 •< * u * .5 1 1
;.isi»Ji' ' '1 „„
I ■» lll|iil"-s| ii
i -"Us III! ^--§|1P3
<1 ;>POu P^OP^ coPhWM Oh^
■5 ^•
2 &
" « °
+ G 5J
05.2 ^
■^ CO +J
g ■? a
-Org S
oj e3 t,
,=3 5«H "U
a- fl «
a) 2 "5
5r, «:
^ <u S
„ T3 O)
HI
■2 + K
i^irSM
53
Y.
CANADIAN HOSPITALS.
MaNITOWANING and TUSC4.RORA.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Admissions from
each Cause.
Proportion of
Admissions from
each Cause to 100
Admissions
from all Causes.
Proportion of
Deaths from each
Cause to 100
Deaths
from all Causes.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
All causes . . -
12-3
14-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
100-0
Variola . _ _
—
—
—
—
—
3")}senteria - - -
12-5
-
1-0
•7
1-0
—
Diarrhoea _ _ -
10-2
18-6
7-7
7-5
6-2
8-7
Cholera hiliosa - - -]
„ spasmodica - -J
reriodic fevers
6-2
5-0
10-4
13-0
5-1
4-3
Continued fevers
-
-
-
-
—
—
liheumatismus acutus - --1
.
14-3
4-9
4*9
4-3
„ chronicus - J
Scrofula - _ .^
Phthisis - - - I
93-6
79-2
6-1
8-3
44-9
41-3
Hocnioptysis - - -J
Brain and nervous system
4-5
1-6
6-5
5-2
2-0
—
Chest diseases - - .
33-0
42-9
11-8
10-9
30-6
29-4
liver diseases - - -
~ 1
-
—
—
-
—
Other diseases - - .
2-5 3-8
51-6
49-5
10-2
12-0
XoTE. — The deaths + recoveries have been taken as the admissions in making
these calculations.
54
APPENDIX II.
Abstracts of Papers relating to the Causes of Mortality among
> Aboriginal Races, received from the Colonial Office.
Under the head of " All other Diseases " is includsd one " lethargus," a
disease which, as far as I am aware, is altogether confined to the native popula-
tion, "more oarticularly to the Kossohs and Congos tribes." It is not restricted
to any particular period of life, as old and young are equally liable to it. It is
purely a disease of the brain and nervous system, generally fatal, except when
seen in the very early stages. As it is generally met Avith, the patient sleeps con-
tinually, even when standing up, and becomes perfectly incapable of any exer-
tion ; the sufferer will even fall asleep while being fed. I have seen them last in
this state for months, and gradually die of inanition from want of a sufficiency
of food to support life. I have tried all kinds of treatment, but cannot recom-
mend any more likely to be beneficial than a prolonged shght sahvation, if you
can meet the case in the inflammatory stage or that previous to the sleeping
state just alluded to.
This and leprosy are the only diseases met with here from which the European
is exempt.
RoBT. Bradshaw, L.K. & Q.C.P.I.
Freetown, Sierra Leone. Colonial Surgeon.
Natal. Special Remarks. — Of seven of the eight cases of syphihs (native), Hottentots
were the subjects. Here, as elsewhere, they copy European vices very readily.
The Kafirs adhere to their own vices, but are more slow in copying European
manners and habits, good or evil.
I have met wth one decided case of scrofula among the Zulus, and one only.
The ages of infants are reckoned by moons, but adult Kafirs (as the rule)
do not know how old they are ; the ages given are therefore only surmised, and
cannot be depended on.
The tendency of disease among the Kafirs is to collapse and paralysis. No
year goes round without deaths from cold and wet, which they bear less weU
than European settlers. They are apt to sink under any serious form of disease.
Flesh wovmds heal well, causing less constitutional disturbance than among
Europeans, but fractured bones do not so soon re-unite. I have found lime
water, a pint or more given daily, promote their union. Lime is scarce here, and
the shells of eggs are correspondingly thin.
Lung disease is more frequent among natives than white settlers, unless the
latter bring the seeds of disease wdth them ; but I doubt whether it is true
phthisis. I suspect that the lungs of both natives and settlers are more hable
to become hepatized or otherwise disorganized than tuberculated. In examining
the lungs of cattle who have died of lung sickness, I have found large portions
of lung degenerated into an impervious muscle-like substance resembling beef,
while hi other portions the disease has sho\ATi itself to be of so anemic a character
as to have proceeded without much pause to suppuration. I believe that in this
climate, subjects of phthisis, who had only small tubercles in their lungs, would
find their further development arrested; indeed this has been, in many cases,
proved to have occurred.
The lung disease, called lung sickness, in cattle, does not, with regard to the
organ attacked, affect human beings, but the tendency of the present race of
mankind is to anemic rather than acutely inflammatory diseases. The most
destructive modern diseases, influenza, cholera, and diphtheria, are of an anemic
character ; other diseases are now, more than formerly, inchned to assume this
character. It is not that medicine and doctors, but that human constitutions,
vary. The rule laid down by Pinel that bleeding confirms mania is good now;
but 50 or 70 years ago, as, perhajis, 50 or 70 years hence, more exceptional
cases did and may again occur than are at present met with.
65
The mortality from fever ^\'ill be seen to have been great; but of the seven Nvtal
deaths recorded, six came into the hospital in a dying state. One, admitted 1 *
November 25th, died five hours after admission; another, admitted at noon, Vide Tables
December llth, died at half-past four a.m. ne.xt morning; another, admitted P. and Q.,
on the 5th, died on the 6th ; another, admitted on September 19th, died on the PP- 44 and 45.
20th ; other two rallied by the administration of wine, sago, &c., but died from
two to five days after admission, again sinking. They received shelter and
attention, and had what chance there was of recovery; and some others, beyond
all reasonable expectation, recovered. The number of Kafir and druggist-doc-
tored patients thrown upon my hands in a moribund state is great. Of the
cases of fever that I attended throughout, most did well. The hospital has
been occupied somewhat more than three years and a half, but I have held office
as district surgeon in the service of Government eight years and a half, and I
speak of my experience during the whole term of such service.
In giving names to complaints, I have not set down diarrhoea or even
taenia, of which many instances have occurred, but these instances have been
incidental or symptomatic. Taenia has been discovered and treated in cases of •
patients who had wounds, &c., and this frequently. There is no complaint so
generally prevalent among both natives and settlers. The tapeworm of South
Africa is about two-fifths in width* narrower than that of Europe. The most
effective treatment has been Ihoz. sp. terebinth, early in the morning, and one
drop of croton oil, or a dose of other aperient medicine, four or five hours after,
msiprins solufa sit alvus. A less dose than U oz. more disturbs the system
than this quantity, and fails to act. I procured some ethereal extract of male
fern in one case, of which I gave one scruple early in the morning, and a black
draught some hours after. It caused no nausea or other apparent constitutional
disturbance, and a piece of tapeworm was expelled, still alive, which measured
22 feet long. Turpentine generally expels them dead.
The fracture that ended fatally was a compound fracture of the left thigh, and '
compound comminuted fracture of the tibia and fibula of the right leg, from a
waggon accident. He sunk at the end of two days, never rallying from the
shock to his system, and refusing to submit to the not very hopeful operation
of amputation of the more seriously injured limb. I have had two cases of
injury among the aborigines in which amputation was necessary, one a little
above the ancle, the other four inches above the knee. In the latter case the
leg had been torn off by the machinery of a flour mill, the knee stripped of its
mteguments, and the muscles above the knee stretched and contused, so that I
felt myself obliged to operate high up, lest a second amputation should become
requisite. The case occurred a few months ago. Both cases did well. I have
represented my wish in both cases that an artificial leg and foot should be sent
for to England, as it would be a convenience to the parties, and also have a good
sanitary and social effect upon the natives. The cost of the cork or other artifi-
cial two legs, black imitation toes inclusive, would not, I should think, exceed
30/. Their aversion to operations necessary to save life would thus be in some
measure overcome or lessened.
The natives who have become Christians evince some of the uncomfortable-
ness and maladroitness that are incidental to a state of transition, but, perhaps,
less than might have been expected. The premises I go upon are, perhaps,
scanty and insufficient, but I am inclined to think that among Christian Kafirs
more children die in infancy than among the unchristianized natives. This is
not to be depended upon, nor can I, generally speaking, say much that is definite
upon the subject of physical or other differences between Christian and other
natives.
The natives hitherto, as the rule, have not shown the appetence for alcohol
which the North American Indians so early, and so fatally for themselves,
acquired. There are cases of elephantiasis among them; they are subject to skin
diseases. "These and other trifling diseases or erases of injury seldom appear at
the hospital, or only as accompaniments of injury or other disease.
Prior to the completion and occupation of Grev's hospital, a row of cottages
was rented as a hospital ; prior to this the gaol and hospital were under one roof.
Samuel Gower, M.R.C.S. Engl., &c.
* The English assumed as 1 in \i idth, the South African 0-l5.
56
Nat.vl. Change of Diet and irregular Habits. — There is one very striking difFerence
— — between the semi-civilized native and the one fresh from his original habits and
mode of life. The one is more subject to inflammatory diseases than the other,
from which the former does not so readily recover as the latter. Wounds and
injuries of a very serious character readily admit of reparation ; for instance, a
native falls on a stake, which penetrated (by the side of the " sphincter ani")
the bladder; he walked 10 miles, and arrived at hospital with a pendulous
coagulum at the mouth of the urethra. The catheter was used ; urine and blood
escaped, and continued to flow for a day or two ; in a week he returned home
quite well.
Civilization increases the proneness to Disease and the facility to succumb to its
Power. — Skin diseases are more prevalent among the natives than the settlers.
Phthisis carries off a great number ; exposure to extremes is the cause. The
subject requires to be treated at full length.
Ed. W. Holland, xM.R.C.S.
Melbourne. Mr. Thomas, who has for 20 years been the guardian of the tribes con-
tiguous to Melbourne, furnishes a statement, showing during that period 210
"VicTOKL\.. deaths as compared with 23 births, and, as he adds in a note, that of the
children born most died before the first month was over, it cannot be expected
Vide Eetarn, that these tribes, now reduced to only 35 individuals in all, will be long in
P- 60. existence.
Making every allowance, indeed, for the effects of European vices, and especially
of intemperance, by which quarrels are fomented, and exposure to cold and damp
and disease produced, there is, it must be confessed, something mysterious in
that deterioration of the savage which succeeds the introduction of civilization,
— and which can hardlj^ be more forcibly described than in the language of the
old man quoted by Mr. Goodwin, — "before white fellow came, black fellow
• " could run hke emu, but now supposing big one run, then big one tired, and
" plenty heart jump about."
Physical prostration, in fact, seems to follow the attempt to imitate the cus-
toms of civilized society; and, as I had abundant opportunity of observing
in British Guiana among the Indians, the wearing of clothes and adoption of a
more settled mode of life detracts from skill in hunting or fishing without
imparting sufficient knowledge of or taste for agricultural pursuits to afford a
livelihood in exchange.
Henry Barkly.
1. Although the aborigines of this colony are liable to the usual diseases of
Europeans, I invariablj'- found years back that they seldom had the common
diseases, as rheumatism, &c., &c., to the extent Europeans have. Yet I may
state, that eight-tenths of the mortahty amongst the aborigines of Victoria
arises through intemperance, bringing on pulmonary disorders, pleurisy,
pneumonia, disorders of the chest, consumption, &c., which carries them off so
speedily that the ablest medical treatment, when available, seldom saves them.
I may safely state that when their respiratory organs are once affected recovery
becomes hopeless. I have witnessed this so invariably Anthin the last 10 years,
as to look forward for death as soon as they are afflicted in the chest.
2. The aborigines, however, were not so affected in their respiratory organs
years back as at present ; they have only been carried off so precipitately since
they have become slaves to intoxicating liquors. I have known blacks, years
back, to labour under diseases of the lungs for nine or more months, but now
seldom so many weeks, and often not so many days.
3. There is a peculiarity even in their pulmonary disorders to the European;
there is not that straining distressing coughing which Europeans labour under ;
the phlegm comes free without much exertion and pain to the invalid, but
accompanied with blood.
4. Wounds of whatever kind which do not affect a vital part are more readily
cured than in white people. I have seen most desperate wounds inflicted by
their weapons, that would have kept Europeans for months invalids, healed in
an incredibly short tim-e, and to the astonishment of medical men. "Wounds,
whether by accident or otherwise, are immediately attended to by their doctors ;
if in the fleshy part of the body, they suck the blood from the wound, and con-
tinue sucking it till blood ceases to be extracted. If little blood comes from
67
the wound they know all is not right, and will put the patient to pain by probing Melbourne.
the wound with their lancet (a sharp bone), or place the body or limb in that ____
position as to compress the opposite part to force blood. They know well the
consequences of stagnant blood or matter, especially in the upper parts of the
body. When the wound is thoroughly cleansed they leave the rest to nature,
clap a lump of pidgerong (a kind of wax oozing from treesj on the wound ;
should there follow a gathering, they open the wound afresh, and see all right,
and again cover it over with the pidgerong or gum.
5. Rheumatism. — Their general remedy is friction. If very severe about legs or
thighs, the doctor gets a good mound prepared of ashes, excavating the ground
18 inches, made solely from bark, which never has any grit, but mere ash. If
lumbago, the patient is laid on his stomach, the doctor rubs most unmercifully
the hot ashes on the part affected, as a Ijutcher would in salting meat ; if in
thighs or legs, the patient's feet are put into the mound of heated ashes, about
half way up his legs, where he sits whilst the doctor is rubbing the hot ashes
on the })arts affected. During this process the doctor is incantating, blowing
occasionally a portion of dust into the air with a hissing noise. When sufficiently
operated upon, the invahd is \vrapped up in his blanket.
6. Boils. — The blacks treat boils and swelhngs thus : — When hard, they lotion
the part well with decoction of wattle bark ; when obstinate, they boil wild
marshmallow, and poultice; if the tumour softens and does not break, they
apply their sharp bone lancet,
7. Eruptions on the Skin. — The aborigines are deeply afflicted with a disorder
called by them bubberum, white men call it itch, but it is in no way like it ; it
appears as a raised dark scab, and spreads, joining each other, till it in severe
cases covers almost all the lower extremities. It seldom affects the head or
upper parts, but I have known it almost cover the thighs and downwards, so as
to cause them much difficulty in moving about. Their native cure for this
distemper is to grease the parts affected every night and morning with wheerup
(a red ochre) mixed with a decoction of wattle bark. I knew one instance of this
disease becoming most distressing to a white man in a respectable position who
was continually cohabiting with black lubras.
8. On Burns. — Through their imprudence and carelessness they often get
severe burns, which they cm-e by dabbing the parts over with melted fat, after-
wards dash the parts affected over with a pulp made of oppossum fur and dust
of the wheerup.
9. On Dysentery. — The aborigines of Australia are very subject to dysentery,
but not to the fatal extent as Europeans; their remedy of this disorder is
drinking plentifully a decoction of wattle bark and eating gum through the day,
and pills night and morning made by themselves of wattle bark and gum.
10. Pains in the Head, Bilious, S)-c. — If of long standing, the patient is com-
pelled to lie on the back ; the native doctor puts his foot on the patient's head
above his neck as long as the patient can bear it, till water literally gushes from
the patient's eyes. However rough this treatment, I have known this operation
to give relief, and the patient cured.
11. Disorders of the Lungs, Spittiuff of Blood, ^-c. — The blacks study much
the colour of the spittle in those affected in the lungs, and know well its stages.
When the patient begins to spit blood, there is much attention paid to him ;
should this increase, which generally is the case, the native doctors have a con-
sultation. When once the black doctors hold a consultation, they will not let
the patient take any more medicine from the whites. The invahd is laid down
on his back, is held firm by three or more blacks, whilst the native doctor keeps
continually pressing with his feet, even to jump, on the patient's belly. I need
scarcely state that this cruel practice brings on premature death.
12. Venereal Disease. — Though this disease in the first instance must have
been contracted from the whites, the native doctors have prescribed a cure,
which, though simple, I have found efficacious. They boil the wattle bark till
it becomes very strong ; they use it as a lotion to the parts affected. I can state
here from my own personal knowledge of three Golburn blacks having this
disease so deeply rooted in them, that the then colonial surgeon, Dr. Cousin, on
examining them said life would not be saved unless they entered into the
hospital, and an operation performed, which they would not consent to. After
18 months these three blacks returned to Melbourne among the tribes (two
58
were young, the other middle aged.) perfectly cured, and the blacks assured me
they had used only the wattle bark lotion. Dr. AVilmot, our late coroner, also
saw these three blacks whilst in this state and after their soundness, and in his
report upon the aborigines stated " however violent this disease may appear
" among aborigines, that it could not enter into their system as it did in
" European constitutions."
13. In the aboriginal primitive state in times of sickness, as influenza or other
diseases prevalent, they invariably carried fire about with them wherever they
went J this was of bark only ; a thick bark, which they provided for the day's
journey.
14. Fevers. — The aboriginal doctors' treatment in fevers is strictly the cold
water system; no matter what kind of fever it maybe, cold water is the remedy,
accompanied with, prohibition of animal food. The doctors have a quantity
of water by them, fill their mouths full, spurt it from the mouth over the
whole of tiie patient's body, back and front, and for a considerable time to
the navel, then \^'ith their hands throw it over the face and breast ; then lay
the patient on the back, breathe and blow at the navel, incantating continually
while operating. If the patient be young, the doctor will carrj' him, and
plunge him or her into the creek or river. The adult patients will volun-
tarily, by the assistance of their friends, plunge themselves in three or four
times a day. The blacks obstinately persist in this mode of treatment, although
they find generally death is the result. I was not a little surprised to find
many years back that this also was the mode of treatment among the natives
of the South Sea Islands. As soon as fever attacked them, they crept to the
banks of the Yarra, and plunged themselves in three or more times a day, as
the aboriginals of Australia. I was called to witness their habits when a party
of them were enticed over by the late Mr. Boyd ; they were located at Mr. Fennel's
(Mr. Boyd's agent) by the banks of the Yarra.
15. I attach to this report on the diseases of the aborigines the opinions of
29 gentlemen, situated in various parts of the colony, who one and aU bear
testimony to the aw^l mortality amongst them.
Mr,
Names.
Orr
Lane
Templeton
Sherard -
Shuter -
Wilson -
Feskin -
McLeod
Ormond
Cook -
Aitkin -
Skene -
Beveridge
Allen -
Craig
GiUes -
Strutt -
J. M. Allan -
Godfrey -
Gottreux
Currie -
Lydiard -
Stewart -
Mitchell-
Coake -
Huou -
Wills (Omeo)-
Featherston- -
haugh.
Lewes -
Diseases.
Intemperance and venereal.
Scorbutic.
Intemperance and venereal.
Intemperance and exposure.
Consumption and decline.
Intemperance and exposure.
Bronchitis, pericarditis, psoriasis, and intemperance.
Intemperance and exposure.
Consumption, venereal, and intemperance.
Syphihs.
Liver complaints ; intemperance ; rheumatism.
Syphilis, consumption, and rheumatism.
Pulmonarj' consumption and venereal.
Influenza.
Influenza, consumption, and intemperance.
Intemperance.
Intemperance and ^^olence.
Influenza ; inflammation of lungs ; venereal.
Drunkenness; consumption; venereal.
Bronchitis; affection of the chest.
Puimonary complaints; intemperance.
Syphihs ; intemperance ; rheumatism.
Consumption; intemperance.
Pulmonary consumption ; venereal.
Consumption and old age.
Influenza ; intemperance.
Intemperance ; gun-shot wounds ; venereal.
Pulmonarj'; venereal.
Atrophy; influenza.
59
16, A return from a public hospital, I deem, would be a fair criterion for the Melbourne.
Central Board, embracing the two points, mortality and diseases. _—
Return of Aboriginal Natives admitted into the Melbourne Hospital from
1st January to 8th November to date.
Date.
Name.
Teibe.
Disease.
Remaeks.
April 17 - -
July 4 - -
September 14 -
18
October 30
„ 30
Tommy Buckley
Maria - -
James Shaw-
Sandy - -
Tommy Buckley
Tommy Nanner-
ing.
Gipps' Ld.
Tarra
Hopkins' R. -
Sydney -
Gipps' Ld
Yarra
Burnt back
Pneumonia
Pleurisy; Phthi-
sis.
Pneumonia and
Phthsis.
Pleurisy and
Phthisis.
Pneumonia and
Phthisis.
Discharged, July 20
Do. „ 24
Died, October 21
Do. September 25
Do. November 2
Do.
4 deaths, and 2 discharged.
60
Mblbotjrke.
Sec
03 be
.2^
12
1
,a
1
o
B
.a
11
s a
3
i
i
1
.1
s
2 executed.
1 executed.
1 died by violence.
1 murdered ; 1 died of wounds.
2 executed.
1 murdered.
2 murdered by Gipps' Land blacks.
1 speared in drunken fray.
5 murdered ; 1, through intemperance.
1 murdered in drunken row ; 1, intemperance.
1 poisoned while drunk ; 1, intemperance.
2, through intemperance ; 1, supposed poisoned.
1 Murray I{. black, through intemperance.
2 suddenly intoxicated ; 1, Collingwood stockade.
•IBJOI pUBJ^
o r-
o
C r- n CO CT I- « ->! Tf 5-1 'M I-) Tj" o 00 »o M o
2
o,
4
1
P^
m -1
t^
CO O 00 O 't 00 O C-J (?> -^ (M ^ ^ ^ (?) ^ — rt
S
g
c o
(?»
t^t^uf^OOOOOOOOOr-iOi— 'C0OOtJ<<MO
Cl
u
u 3
.3 3
0-2-.
P^"
- 1
d
|(MCO— |rt(MO^ — --^ 1 |!N 1 1 1
S
S>1 -t
o
(Ni?icoco«nc>o3-* 1 \ iTi ri O'l oi so ^ \ n
Il
P^'
«^
CI
-«--'«---' '
s
•<t --
-
-HCO-HlCTlr-COS-Ji-ilcOl iCO'TJCI.-^
i
!^'
rH I
CO
S-1O-?0-1-T(-(Nt-l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^
^
■* rl
o
Tt (M ^ O — 1 •M ■* ^ ^ CI \ r-i 1 1 ,- .-. rt
CI
843 -
1844 -
845 -
1846 -
1847 -
848 -
849 -
849 -
850 -
851 -
852 -
1853 -
854 -
855 -
856 -
857 -
858 -
859 -
1
_o o
C5 O
00
1842 to
1843 to
1844 to
1845 to
840 to
847 to
848 to
849 to 3
850 to 3
851 to 3
852 to 31
853 to 3
854 to 31
855 to 31
856 to 31
857 to 3
858 to 3
859 to 3
II
1
i* , • J- . • a> aj o o
1 =
^
-
"ss:;:;ssRc::ssR:;?s:;:i
61
1^
g 00
|i
•=Q
It will be apparent fi"om this Eeturn, taken
carefully from my journal, that there has been
no comparison of births in propoi'tion to deaths.
Of these children born, it is lamentable that
most died before the first month, or removing
from the encampment for a week or two and
return childless.
I have in one line included the last nine years,
as there have been no births from any other tribe
in the Yarra and Western Port Districts.
•IBiox pirejo
Wl-C-CC^|^-,}lrH|CO-<i< 00
00
i
f^
C0ll^r|(Mr-l(NC0>O
-
a
l^r-^ 1^5^ 1 |r^— CO
-
a t
Pn
--IIIIIIII-CO 1
s
1 --* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f^
'^ 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5^
IS
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 ph
p^
-! I--I |5>,^I^, „
g
1 1 lr-|r-(C^| IrHrH Cq
1
1840 -
841 -
842 -
843 -
844 -
845 -
846 -
847 -
848 -
849 -
849 -
859,1
ears J
1 Apr. 1839 to
Mar. 1840 to 1
Mar. 1841 to 1
Mar. 1842 to 1
Mar. 1843 to 1
Mar. 1844 to 1
Mar. 1845 to 1
June 1846 to
June 1847 to 1
June 1848 to 1
June 1849 to 31
June 1850 to 31
thel
S
2 " ==-- = = """ = -
Melboitrne.
62
South Having travelled much in Australia. America, and the West Indies, and
AusxKAiiA having also resided on the Coast of Africa, where I penetrated a considerable
~~" distance into the interior, traversing the countries between the Gambia and
the Senegal, and ascending the former river 600 miles, I was consequently
frequently brought into contact with numerous aboriginal tribes of very different
characters and descent, and under varying physical and external circumstances.
I have, however, never seen natives whose general habits and physical con-
formation impressed me so completely with the idea of a perishable and doomed
race as the aborigines of the southern portion of this continent.
I may add that as I almost always find it necessary to release native prisoners
before the expiration of their sentences, because death is apt to ensue from any
prolonged confinement, I cannot but think that even the partial confinement in
schools injuriously affects the native constitution, so nearly do they approximate
to the lower animal creation.
Adelaide, Richard Graves MacDonnell,
Nov. 23, 1860. Governor.
The aboriginies of this colony (South Australia) have not a very wide range
of disease from which they suffer.
I have never seen a case of small-pox, scarlet fever, measles, or hooping cough,
and I was ofi&cially connected with them for 18 years.
Fever occurs, but not frequently, as they have no confined badly ventilated
dwellings.
Diarrhoea and dysentery make their appearance in the hot weather, and from
five to ten per cent, of the cases prove fatal ; these attacks occur most fre-
quently during dentition, as with the Europeans.
The brain and nervous system are seldom attacked primarily. In their native
state they indulge in no stimulants, and are not guilty of overtaxing their mental
powers.
Consumption is common amongst them ; and in every death that I have
seen in the school children, there have been tubercular deposits in the lungs.
The same occurs in the adults who have been six months and upwards confined
in gaol ; in fact, they cannot survive confinement in a prison beyond two years.
Confine them two years and they will waste and die in a few months after
liberation.
The most fatal disease that has come under my notice is the venereal, con-
tracted by contact with the Europeans. Males and females suffer ahke from it,
and die generally of secondary efi'ects.
As a race the aborigines are dying off and disappearing before a more highly
civilized people, and must eventually disappear altogether. The venereal disease
on the one hand, and the fact that the women are apt to become prostitutes,
and in consequence cease to bear children, on the other, are reducing them at
a very rapid rate.
M. MoORHOUSE,
Late Protector of Aborigines.
It is universally admitted that they are fast decreasing in number, and the
cause of this decrease is attributed by most witnesses to their partial assump-
tion of semi-civilized habits ; where formerly they clothed themselves with the
skins of animals taken in the chase, contact with Europeans has so changed their
habits that they now, in a great measure, depend upon the scanty dole of
blankets issued by the Government, which suppUes, it appears from evidence,
have been most irregular. Great suffering has been occasioned, especially among
the aged and mfirm natives, by the insufficient and ill-timed supplies, both of
blankets and provisions. Disease appears to be induced by this partial and
irregular clothing ; pulmonary complaints prevailed to a fearful extent during
last winter, aggravated by, if not entirely attributable to, this cause.
This decrease in their numbers is attributable to many causes : —
1st. From infanticide, to a limited extent.
2nd. From certain rites performed upon yovmg men of some tribes, impairing
their physical powers.
3rd. From the introduction among them by Europeans of a more aggravated
form of syphilis than was known to exist previous to our occupation of the
country.
63
4th. From the introduction and use of intoxicating liquors, a habit of using
which to excess is prevalent among the natives, who, despite of existing laws
to the contrary, are frequently aided by Europeans in obtaining supplies.
5th. From the promiscuous intercourse of the sexes. This is proved by
evidence to be carried to such an extent, not only between themselves, but also
with Europeans, as, in a great measure, of itself to account for the infecundity
of the race.
6th. From the disproportion of sexes.
Geo. Hall, Chairman.
The question raised by Miss Nightingale, " Can we civilize the aborigines
" without killing them ? " naturally arises from the fact that wherever Europeans
have taken possession of the country of savage races, the latter have gradually
disappeared before the face of the " white man."
This state of things, I believe, may be traced to the three following causes : —
1st. The acquirement by the aborigines of the love for intoxicating liquors.
2nd. The immorality of the women with the " white man," preventing their
bearing children.
3rd. The introduction of diseases more fatal .to them than to the Europeans,
arising from their exposed lives, and general objection to submit themselves to
proper medical treatment.
It will thus be easily seen that the aborigines do not, in reality, gradually
disappear before the advantages of civilization, but rather fall victims to the
vices and diseases introduced by the advent of unprincipled Europeans among
them.
Perth, Nov. 17, I860. John Ferguson,
Colonial Surgeon.
It is quite certain that the natives die in quick succession in the districts
inhabited by Europeans, and it appears not less certain that a great many of the
deaths are attributable to their having lived among us. But it is not civilization
that has caused their deaths ; it is rather the vices of the Europeans which they
have imbibed, and the ignorance and recklessness of results in the natives
themselves. They are mere children in understanding, and if their present
wants are gratified they care not for the future. As an instance : — There is a
stringent law prohibiting the selling or giving intoxicating drinks to them, but
they willingly yield to the assistance offered to them by unprincipled sailors and
others to elude this law made for their benefit. The men become intoxicated,
and misery and wretchedness are the consequences to a portion of their families,
who die prematurely, but not before their vicious habits have injured many
besides themselves. There are many individuals in all countries who neither
regard the laws of God nor man, and these unfoi-tunate people might have
been of the number, even if they had been civilized, but the probability is, that
there would not have been so many victims if they had been rescued as children,
and been taught what was right and really civilized. To live such a life as
they now lead in towns among Europeans is not being civilized.
Not one of the Annesfield school children have ever shown the slightest wish
to return to the bush ; and from their parents and other relatives visiting them
they have had opportunities enough to do so, if they had chosen to go. They
duly appreciate civiUzation, and it has not injured the health of any of them,
but, on the contrary, several that were ill when they came have improved in
health.
It can scarcely be said that the civilization of the aborigines has been
attempted in Western Australia. Five or six schools have at different times
been established ; some of these by private societies or individuals, and the
remainder by Government. But there has been no organized system adopted,
such as is necessary to the carrying out any great work. How little can any
single school do ! In the Annesfield Government Institution it has iieen the aim
to prove that the natives are capable of being made useful members of society,
and, what is more, that they are capable of understanding and embracing the
great truths of salvation ; and the result is fully satisfactory. But this institu-
tion is limited to 24 children.
The. aborigines are Uke so much material without capital or tools to
fashion it. For in a country such as this, where there are so many profitable
South
australia.
Westbun
austeaija.
64
Western ^'ajs of employing money and labour, few can be found willing to furnish
Australia, either of these requisites for this work of benevolence and unsought justice. It
is said that nothing can be effected among the adult natives. But the colony
has now been in the possession of the English 31 years, and' if the then
parents had been induced to give up their children for training, or even if
they had given them up three or four years after, when they had got to know
us as a friendly people, there would now be few of them in the settled districts
but such as would have had the opportunity of being civilized.
Anne Camfield,
Cetlon. In reply to Miss Nightingale's question, "WTiether we can civilize the
— " native people without kiUing them ?" it is gratifying to be able to assure
her, that in Ceylon the native population, both of Singhalese and Tamil race,
instead of declining and dying off before the European settlers, is rapidly in-
creasing, and that the number both of our schools and scholars would be far
greater than it is, if only we had the means of maintaining them at command.
J. Colombo.
The steady increase of population, however, except perhaps in the remotest
districts, which education in any form has not yet reached, inclines me to
believe that schools, whether conducted on the native or English systems,
have proved an unqualified benefit to the people, and that, instead of inducing
or extending disease of any kind, many of those enumerated in Miss Night,
ingale's list being unknown in Ceylon, they have, by even temporarily with-
drawing those who by reason of their tender age are most subject to the
injurious consequences of bad habits and premature exertion, secured for them
a remarkable immunity from the prevaihng diseases of the country for the
remainder of their lives.
C. P. Layakd, Govt. Agent.
See Tables V. The principal civil medical officer has prepared returns to show the diseases
and W., pp. 50 of the Singhalese and mixed races, and of the Malabars. The deaths among
and 51. the latter are in the proportion of 20 per cent, against 8 per cent, among the
former. This remarkable disproportion in the mortality may be accounted for
by the starxdng condition in which the Malabar coolies generally arrive in this
colony ; their uncleanly habits ; their abstinence from animal food, and, as a
consequence, the low standard of their vital organization ; and exposure with-
out sufficient clothing in the cold climate of the hills. They sink rapidly under
attacks of diarrhoea, dysentery, and anasarca.
The diseases which are most prevalent and fatal among the native races are
such as are incidental to this climate, viz., fever, chiefly of the intermittent
type, bowel complaints, and anasarca, while cases of scrofula and consumption,
to which Miss Nightingale alludes as prevalent " among those converted to
" Christian civilization," are happily seldom met with.
The Commission states, in reply to Miss Nightingale's question, " Can we
"civilize these people without killing them?" that those diseases which are
supposed to be attendant on European civiHzation are not common among the
native inhabitants of the colony, and that, so far fi-om the natives dying out
before the march of civilization, the native population is on the increase in the
neighbourhood of the larger towns, while it is only in the remote and less
civihzed districts that the population is decreasing, and this from causes which
are being gradually removed by the spread of education.
C. J. Mac Carthy.
It will doubtless be satisfactory to Miss Nightingale to learn that scrofula and
consumption are not common diseases among the native inhabitants of the
colony, and that, so far from the efi'orts made to ci^'ilize the people having
the effect of causing the extinction of the native races in this colony, the
natives in the neighbourhood of the larger towns are rapidly increasing in
numbers, while in some of the remoter districts where schools are as yet unknown
the population is decreasing. Amongst the causes of this decrease may be
mentioned the hateful practice of polyandry, now happily forbidden by law,
and the want of proper sustenance, the result partly of imperfect means of
cultivation. A better state of things is gradually being brought about by
65
the spread of education, and by this ^•ery oivihzation \\■h^c■\^ is said to be likely Ceylon.
to cause the extinction of the nativo races.
J. F, Dickson.
Remarks hi/ the Rev. Mr. Ondoatjee.
In reference to the reasons which induced Miss Nightingale to enter on the Matura.
))resent field of inquiry, it may be stated that the conversion of the natives of
this island to Christianity, so far from its exerting any fatal or injurious effect
on health and life, has vastly improved their condition socially as well as
physically. Christian civilization is doing much for them ; and the only hope
we have of raising the people from that state of moral degradation in which
they are found throughout the country is by imparting to them the knowledge
of Christian truth, which never fails to produce the happiest effects on their
habits of life in general, though it may occasionally happen, that by intercourse
with foreigners, vices inimical to longevity are learnt by the aborigines. On
the whole, however, it cannot for a moment be doubted that it is to the intro-
duction of Christianity, and, along with it, of Eurojjean science and European
literature, that we have to look for the gradual amelioration of the condition
of the races that inhabit this island ; and, consequently, it appears to me that
no effort should be spared to extend the benefits of a sound Christian education
;,giving it as much as possible a practical tone and character) throughout the
length and breadth of this beautiful and interesting country. It must be
admitted that there has been but little done as yet in the island in the \^'ay of
Christian civilization ; but those who are in a position to compare the state of
things at present with what it ^^'as 20 or 30 years ago admit that there are
signs of progress to Ije seen in various parts of the island, and surely this as
a ground of encouragement is not to be despised or underrated.
W. C. Macready,
Matura, 20th December 1860. Acting Asst. Agent.
This return contains the numbers of admissions to, deaths and discharges Mauritius.
from, the civil hospital, during the last six years, of the Creoles and Indians, _ — -—•
which may be taken to re^n-esent the aljoriginal population of this island, ^ide J^°^^^
although tew, except the Creoles, are really natives. It \vill be seen that the rate °^ \ „
of deaths is very large, and this, without explanation, might give rise to false PP- ^ ^^
inference as to the healthfulness of the island. The general death rate of the
Indians throughout the island for 1859 was 25 jier 1,000, or only 2 per 1,000
above that of all England for 1858 ; and, when it is considered that all, or almost
all, the Indians are agricultural labourers or servants, and from the nature of
their labour much exposed to casualties, such a death rate points to Mauritius
as (what it is) an exceedingly healthy locality. Why then so large a mortality
as 22 per cent, in the civil hospital ? The answer is readily given by the fact
that the same prejudice against hospitals exists among the Indians and Creoles
here as among the poorer classes in England, but in an exaggerated degree,
and consequently that a very large proportion of absolutely hopeless cases are
admitted; so much is this the case, that in 1860, ovit of 696 deaths, no less
than iOS died within 24 hours after admission, and nearly one-half of the
deaths occurred within the first week.
In this retiu'n two epidemics of cholera are included ; one of very severe
character in 1856, and a smaller one in 1859, which carried off above 306
patients. The most fatal diseases, it will be seen, are dysentery, diarrhoea,
phthisis, dropsy, and fe\'er. The greater number of the cases of dysentery
admitted are old worn-out cases in the last stage of emaciation, filth, and
misery ; many of them abandoned by their friends, picked up by the police, and
brought into'hospital to die. The greater part of the cases entered as diarrhoea
in former years were undoulrtedly cither dysentery or phthisis ; the latter is as
prevalent (if not more so) among all classes of inhabitants as in England. The
cases of dropsy depend on the same causes as in Europe, but many cases are
seen which present scarcely any morbid change in any of the organs. Fever is
of very low type, and true typhus and typhoid are not unfrequent. Although
many of the Indians and Creoles are habitual drunkaj'ds, cases of delirium
ti'emens are very rare. Leprosy is a frequent and fearful disease among
creoles and Indians, but the frequency is not shown in the return, as, until
66
Madkitifs.
Canada.
Manatow-
AXING.
Vide Tables
X. and Y.,
pp. 52 and 53.
lately, all the cases of leprosy were sent to a ward for that purpose in the lunatio
asylum. This disease rarely occurs among Europeans arrived from Europe,
it is more frequent among Creoles of European parents born in the island, and
very much more so among the mixed African race and the Indians. Tetanus,
both traumatic and idiopathic, occurs very much more frequently than in
Europe.
P. B. Ayres, M.D. Lond.,
Civil Hospital, Port Louis, Siu-geon in charge.
22d June 1861.
Diseases of malarious origin are most numerous among Indians as well as
whites, the former comparing favourably mth the latter as far as health is
concerned.
R. H. Dee, M.D.
As regards the diseases it is easy to perceive that some predominate over
others ; for instance, chronicus rheumatismus, worms, porrigo, bronchitis
chronica, phthisis pulmonalis, and others. These, of course, in a great measure
originate from the careless and dirty habits of the semi-civilized Indians, along
with their daily exposure to all sorts of weather without ha^dng different
clothing to wear in winter from that which they have been in the habit of
using during the summer ; in addition to which, their Uving principally upon
corn and potatoes (fish not always being procurable), which induces the pro-
duction of worms, and at the same time being a sort of food very unsuitable
for children. Scrofula is universal amongst them, and in a great measure is
produced from their near intermarriages ; and it is quite a common circum-
stance for a boy of 16 or 17 to marry a girl of the same age, and very often
much younger ; hence the offspring of such parents must necessarily be weak
and degenerate, and in consequence of their hereditary debility more liable to
the attacks of illness. Again, those Indians uncivilized living at a great dis-
tance in the interior, and who come down occasionally to trade with the
Hudson's Bay Company, I have always been given to understand were for the
most part generally healthy, much more so than those of the semi-civihzed tribes.
I myself have had but little communication with them, as they seldom \'isit our
island, but the officers of the Company's service, mth whom I have become
acquainted, have always expressed but one opinion upon the subject.
David Laytox.
In running over the diseases for the last five years, many cases of common
occurrence, not of dangerous or severe nature, are omitted, from the fact that
no particular inventory was required, so that the enclosed number of cases are
merely taken at the time of attendance from their symptoms and necessity for
peculiar or active treatment.
You are aware that the Savnia Indians are principally Christians, or call
themselves such, although living in a half-civilized state. For one portion of
the year they are living in warm comfortable houses, while provisions and the
necessaries of life are easily procured by them ; during this period they are
happy and contented, little sickness prevailing. The other portion of the year, from
a peculiar propensity, I suppose inherent in the race, they take to the bush, while
their living in wigwams, scant of clothing, provisions hard to be obtained,
exposed to all the vicissitudes of climate, wet feet, &c., as a natural conse-
quence intermittents, remittent, and other fevers, rheumatism, laryngitis, bronchitis,
pleurisy, pneumonia, phthisis pulmonalis, follow invariably.
Their diversity of diet and method of living has a most pernicious influence
in causing dyspepsia, worms, and most other iUs to which the alimentary canal
is liable, while congestion of liver, lungs, and irritation of bladder are of very
frequent occurrence in a mild form ; from this cause the whole tribe suffer,
even to children of a year old.
What may have been their aihnents while in a heathen state I cannot say,
not being in attendance on them, but from what I hear of the number of deaths
at that period, from variola before the introduction of vaccination, exposure, scant
clothing and diet, and changes of climate, &c., it must have been enormous ; to
draw any definite result or give ana verage of deaths from their former and present
mode of living would be impossible on my ])art. The few families of Christian
Q7
Indians on the reserve who Uve as whites are just as healthy, and increase in Manatow-
numhers equally, while the whole tribe, as they are at present, increase yearly. anino.
Thomas W. Johnston, M.D.,
Savnia, C. W.
As to the sanitary state of the native population, I regret to state, not only Ni^.w Zealand.
from the information of several gentlemen with whom during my mission I had
an opportunity of conversing, but also from personal observation and inquiry,
that they are by no means in that healthy state which one would be led to
expect when compared with the advance they have made in other respects. In
the former it would appear that they are retrograding, and this decline is
especially visible in and near the European towns, and easily attributable
to causes, the prevalence of which is more or less detrimental to any body of
persons, but felt in a greater degree in a mixed commimity of Europeans and
natives. In iUusti*ation of this, I may mention the comparatively few births,
while fi'om the census it will be seen that a greater equality of the sexes prevails
than was generally believed to lie the case throughout the entire district? ; and
perhaps, therefore, the most favourable conclusion to form is, that the native
population is not increasing, or, in other words, that, taking the deaths and
births into account, it is likely to remain stationary for some time to come,
unless swept off by some iinusual and fatal disease.
Welhngton, H. Tacy Kemp,
15 June 1850. Native Secretary.
LONDON
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